Psychopharmacology in Psychosis Study Notes

<p>Complex tool making (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioural explosion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They share common ancestry with all humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stockier and stronger build (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larger occipital cortex for night vision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early 20s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creative contributions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanisms of antipsychotic medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Life challenges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creativity is linked with polygenic risk factors for schizophrenia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship between schizophrenia genes and language processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To build a framework of brain functions and dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interpersonal therapy techniques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophets and shamans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotinic receptor as a target (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No link was found between creativity and non-creative professions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Systematic Review of Factors Influencing Adherence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A comprehensive model of brain function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate Modulators for Treatment of Schizophrenia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased physical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk factors influenced by multiple genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decrease over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are cumulative in effect on psychosis risk. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urban population density (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruptions in processing information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The length of delayed treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates the pleasure and fear response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four pathways catering to specific brain functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It modifies the impact of dopamine in the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limbic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical changes in the body influenced by external factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They fail to work properly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not respond to the overactive dopamine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overestimation of threat (paranoia). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintains cognition and motivation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It experiences cognitive impairment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nigrostriatal System. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over-activation of the pleasure system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mesocortical pathway is hypoactive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supports the health of dopamine neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Childhood trauma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate communication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socioeconomic status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They impact neural development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paternal age &gt;35 increases risk. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They undergo pruning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decrease in number gradually. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automating heart and lung functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appetite control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 billion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can receive up to 150 million inputs in 3 milliseconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relaying sensory and motor signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One neuron has an input capacity of 30,000 channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin, adrenaline, and dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a staggering amount of information processing capabilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The size of an almond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin and Noradrenaline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primal behaviors such as appetite and reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying day or night cycles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appetitive motivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sound input from the ears (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mounting behavior in males (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It signals when we need to seek water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases threat perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive impairment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nigrostriatal System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to over-activation of dopamine pathways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enables cognition and motivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overestimates threat perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is unaffected during psychosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced ability to interpret social cues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antagonism at D2 receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorpromazine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SGAs have fewer side effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haloperidol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complex pharmacokinetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clozapine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhance adherence to treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute dystonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inner restlessness and inability to stay still (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shuffling gait (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tardive dyskinesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affect its rhythmicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Months to years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tardive dyskinesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study of how medications affect the brain and behavior in psychosis, such as schizophrenia.

Drugs used to treat psychosis-related symptoms, like schizophrenia.

Study of how dopamine and glutamate imbalances in the brain relate to symptoms of schizophrenia.

Study of how glutamate's role in the brain is related to the development and treatment of schizophrenia.

Discusses the side effects of medications used to treat mental health conditions.

Following a prescribed treatment plan diligently.

Difficulty treating a certain type of schizophrenia with medication.

Treating mental illnesses through the use of medications.

Neanderthals used ambush tactics to hunt larger prey.

Neanderthals were stockier and had a larger cranial volume than Homo Sapiens.

Homo Sapiens possess a nuchal ligament, a strong Achilles tendon, and could run long distances.

Neanderthals had a large occipital cortex (good vision), but a smaller orbital frontal cortex.

Homo Sapiens had a larger orbital frontal cortex, associated with social behaviour and mentalisation.

Neanderthals exhibited complex culture, including toolmaking and language.

A hunting style involving chasing prey over extended distances.

Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens had significant physical and cognitive differences.

A spectrum disorder, often appearing in early adulthood (potentially affecting reproduction).

Some studies link genetic risks for psychosis with creativity.

Increased risk of psychosis among identical twins (MZ twins).

Combined effect of multiple genes influencing a trait, like psychosis or creativity.

Mental health conditions linked to creativity through genetic risk factors.

Icelandic study relating polygenic risk to creativity and schizophrenia/bipolar disorder.

Study comparing human genes to Neanderthal and primate genes in relation to schizophrenia.

Despite its debilitating effect, psychosis continues to occur unlike other disorders; researchers question the reason behind its pervasiveness.

The chance of developing psychosis, influenced by a combination of genetics (50%) and environment (50%).

The tendency for a characteristic, like psychosis, to be passed down through families.

Cumulative childhood traumas increase the risk of psychosis.

Changes in brain development over time, impacting risk of conditions like psychosis.

Neurons that are excitatory and decrease over time in the brain.

Neurons that are inhibitory and increase in the brain over time.

The process where fat insulates neurons, increasing over time.

The sooner you treat someone with psychosis, the better the outcome will be. Delaying treatment can lead to worse long-term effects.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in motivation, reward, and movement. It's crucial for brain function.

DUP stands for Duration of Untreated Psychosis. It's the time period between the onset of symptoms and the start of treatment.

Changes in gene expression due to environmental factors. Your body adapts to what happens around it.

Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that primarily acts as an 'on' switch, enabling brain communication.

Specific routes in the brain where dopamine travels. Each pathway targets a different brain region.

A dopamine pathway linked to emotions, reward, and motivation. It plays a key role in both pleasure and fear responses.

Dopamine influences the mesolimbic system's function, affecting both pleasure and fear responses, which are vital for survival.

A dopamine pathway in the brain that connects the midbrain to the prefrontal cortex. It plays a crucial role in cognition, motivation, and social engagement.

In psychosis, the mesocortical system is underactive, leading to cognitive impairment, social withdrawal, and difficulty with executive functions.

The mesocortical system is underactive in psychosis, meaning less dopamine is being released to the prefrontal cortex.

A dopamine pathway in the brain that connects the substantia nigra to the striatum. It is involved in movement control and initiation.

The nigrostriatal system is not typically affected in psychosis, indicating that dopamine levels in this pathway remain relatively normal.

A type of dopamine release that is triggered by specific events and is characterized by a rapid surge and decline in dopamine levels.

In psychosis, dopamine levels are often dysregulated, with an overactive mesolimbic system and an underactive mesocortical system.

In psychosis, the brain's threat system becomes hypersensitive, leading to an exaggerated perception of danger and paranoia.

The part of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions like planning, decision-making, and social behavior.

The lower part of the brain that controls basic life-sustaining functions like breathing, heart rate, and sleep.

The largest part of the brain, responsible for complex functions like emotions, thoughts, and movement.

A part of the forebrain that controls motivation, drive, and essential bodily functions like sleep and hunger.

The largest part of the forebrain, responsible for higher cognitive functions like language, memory, and perception.

A small but important part of the diencephalon that regulates sleep, appetite, and thirst.

A part of the diencephalon that acts as a relay station for sensory information.

The part of the cerebrum responsible for processing visual information.

The hypothalamus controls vital functions like appetite, motivation, and reproduction. It influences our desires and drives.

A complex system involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, influencing reproductive processes, stress response, and growth.

The force that drives us to act, pursue goals, and satisfy our needs.

The desire to eat and the feeling of hunger, controlled by the hypothalamus.

The process of creating new life, influenced by the hypothalamus and HPA axis.

Actions related to mating and reproduction, controlled by the hypothalamus with inputs from senses and hormones.

The hypothalamus helps regulate our hunger and thirst, telling us when to eat and drink.

Older antipsychotics that primarily block dopamine receptors, effective for positive symptoms but have more side effects.

Newer antipsychotics that target both dopamine and serotonin receptors, often more effective for negative symptoms and have fewer side effects.

Antipsychotic medications administered as a single injection that lasts for weeks or months, improving treatment adherence.

A brain pathway involved in reward, motivation and emotion. Antipsychotics target this pathway to reduce positive symptoms.

Receptors in the brain that bind to dopamine. Antipsychotics act as antagonists at these receptors.

Symptoms of psychosis that involve a 'loss' of normal behavior, such as social withdrawal, lack of motivation and flat affect.

Consistently following a treatment plan, including taking medications as prescribed.

The likelihood of developing psychosis is significantly influenced by genetics, with identical twins having a 50% chance of both developing it.

Factors outside of genetics that increase the risk of psychosis include childhood trauma, immigration, urbanicity, and various prenatal and perinatal complications.

Glutamate neurons, which are excitatory, decrease over time in the brain, impacting communication pathways.

In contrast to glutamate neurons, GABA neurons, which are inhibitory, increase over time in the brain.

Myelination involves the insulation of neurons with a fatty substance, improving communication speed and efficiency in the brain.

The neural network in the brain has a chronic connectivity problem, potentially contributing to the development of psychosis.

Multiple instances of childhood trauma increase the risk of psychosis, particularly if the traumas are severe and occur early in life.

Immigration can influence psychosis risk, but the impact varies depending on other factors like age, gender, and cultural adaptation.

A critical pathway in the brain that connects the substantia nigra to the striatum. It's crucial for controlling movement and initiation.

These are unwanted side effects from antipsychotic medications that affect the movement system. They result from blocking the nigrostriatal pathway.

A severe side effect of antipsychotics characterized by sharp muscle spasms, often in the face and neck.

An intense feeling of inner restlessness, accompanied by a strong urge to move constantly.

A side effect of antipsychotics resembling Parkinson's disease, involving stiffness, tremor, and slow movement.

A long-term and often irreversible side effect of antipsychotics causing abnormal, involuntary movements of the face and mouth.

Side effects from some antipsychotics that negatively affect the heart, metabolism, and endocrine system.

Newer antipsychotics that act on dopamine and serotonin systems, often more effective for negative symptoms and with fewer side effects.

In psychosis, this pathway is hyperactive. It's involved with emotions, reward, and motivation. This overdrive leads to the individual experiencing an overestimation of threats and paranoia.

This pathway, crucial for cognition, thinking, motivation, and social engagement, is hypoactive or underactive in psychosis. This leads to cognitive impairments, social withdrawal, and difficulty engaging in social interactions.

This pathway is involved in the initiation of movement and relies on dopamine input. In psychosis, this pathway remains unchanged, and its function is not significantly affected.

When dopamine in this pathway is released, it triggers protein expression, which keeps the mesocortical pathway healthy. But in psychosis, this pathway is underactive, leading to various problems with thinking and social interaction.

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is responsible for cognition, thinking, motivation, and social engagement. It's considered the part of your brain that makes you 'you.'

Dopamine is essential for the proper functioning of the nigrostriatal pathway, which is involved in the initiation of movement. This pathway relies on dopamine input to work effectively.

While the nigrostriatal pathway relies on dopamine, its functioning doesn't change significantly in psychosis. The reasons for this are currently unclear.