Psychopathology and Cognitive Psychology Quiz

Definition: Study of mental disorders and abnormal behaviors.
Key areas:
- Classification of disorders (DSM-5, ICD-10).
- Types of disorders:
  - Anxiety Disorders (e.g., GAD, phobias).
  - Mood Disorders (e.g., depression, bipolar).
  - Psychotic Disorders (e.g., schizophrenia).
  - Personality Disorders (e.g., borderline, antisocial).
Causes:
- Biological (genetics, neurochemistry).
- Psychological (trauma, stress).
- Sociocultural (environmental influences).
Treatment Approaches:
- Psychotherapy (CBT, DBT).
- Medication (antidepressants, antipsychotics).
- Alternative therapies (mindfulness, art therapy).

Definition: Study of mental processes such as perception, memory, and reasoning.
Key Concepts:
- Information Processing Model: How information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
- Memory Types:
  - Short-term vs. Long-term Memory.
  - Explicit vs. Implicit Memory.
- Cognition:
  - Attention: Selective vs. Divided attention.
  - Problem Solving: Algorithms vs. heuristics.
  - Decision Making: Rational vs. bounded rationality.
Applications:
- Educational psychology (learning techniques).
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

Definition: Focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they're learned.
Key Theories:
- Classical Conditioning (Pavlov’s dogs).
- Operant Conditioning (Skinner’s reinforcement schedules).
- Social Learning Theory (Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment).
Concepts:
- Reinforcement:
  - Positive (adding a stimulus).
  - Negative (removing a stimulus).
- Punishment:
  - Positive (adding an aversive stimulus).
  - Negative (removing a pleasant stimulus).
Applications:
- Behavior modification techniques.
- Therapy for phobias and addictions.

Definition: Individual’s unique pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Key Models:
- Trait Theory (Big Five: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism).
- Psychodynamic Theory (Freud’s id, ego, superego).
- Humanistic Theory (Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Rogers' self-concept).
Self-Concept:
- Self-esteem: Valuation of oneself.
- Self-efficacy: Belief in one’s abilities.
Personality Development:
- Influences: Genetics, environment, experiences.
- Stability vs. Change: Personality traits can be stable but may evolve over time due to life experiences.

Study of mental disorders and abnormal behaviors.
Classification of disorders is guided by systems like DSM-5 and ICD-10.
Major types of disorders include:
- Anxiety Disorders: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), phobias.
- Mood Disorders: Examples are depression and bipolar disorder.
- Psychotic Disorders: Schizophrenia is a key example.
- Personality Disorders: Includes borderline and antisocial personality disorders.
Causes of disorders are categorized as:
- Biological: Influences from genetics and neurochemistry.
- Psychological: Effects of trauma and stress.
- Sociocultural: Impact of environmental factors.
Treatment Approaches involve:
- Psychotherapy: Such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT).
- Medication: Use of antidepressants and antipsychotics.
- Alternative Therapies: Mindfulness practices and art therapy.

Focuses on mental processes including perception, memory, and reasoning.
Information Processing Model explains how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
Different types of memory include:
- Short-term Memory vs. Long-term Memory.
- Explicit Memory versus Implicit Memory.
Key aspects of cognition:
- Attention: Differentiates between selective and divided attention.
- Problem Solving: Utilizes algorithms and heuristics.
- Decision Making: Distinction between rational decision making and bounded rationality.
Applications include educational psychology and techniques used in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

Emphasizes observable behaviors and the learning processes behind them.
Major theories include:
- Classical Conditioning: Illustrated by Pavlov’s dogs.
- Operant Conditioning: Based on Skinner’s reinforcement schedules.
- Social Learning Theory: Exemplified by Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment.
Reinforcement types:
- Positive Reinforcement: Adding a stimulus to increase behavior.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing a stimulus to increase behavior.
Types of punishment:
- Positive Punishment: Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior.
- Negative Punishment: Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.
Applications extend to behavior modification techniques and therapies targeting phobias and addictions.

Refers to the unique pattern of an individual's thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Key models include:
- Trait Theory: The Big Five traits are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
- Psychodynamic Theory: Emphasizes Freud’s concepts of id, ego, and superego.
- Humanistic Theory: Features Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Rogers' self-concept.
Components of Self-Concept:
- Self-esteem: The subjective evaluation of one's worth.
- Self-efficacy: The belief in one's capabilities to achieve goals.
Factors influencing personality development include genetics, environment, and personal experiences.
Personality traits are generally stable but can change over time due to significant life experiences.