Psychometrics: Reliability and Validity
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Questions and Answers

What are the two types of exposure necessary for fair assessments?

Formal education in a specific language and informal cultural experiences.

Define 'true peers' as described in the context of assessment.

True peers are students with similar backgrounds and levels of opportunity to learn.

What is the initial logical action in Step 3 regarding testing multilingual students?

Begin testing in English unless there is a clear rationale to do otherwise.

Why is average performance in English significant for multilingual students?

<p>It suggests they do not have a language deficit or dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be evaluated alongside test scores to assess their validity?

<p>The impact of cultural and linguistic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should testing be ceased in the evaluation process?

<p>If the test scores are likely invalid due to cultural and linguistic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reevaluating weak areas in a student's heritage language?

<p>To provide additional supporting validity evidence through linguistic confirmation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may be necessary if additional support is required for evaluating a multilingual student?

<p>Assistance from professionals outside the school psychologist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of conducting a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)?

<p>To identify the function or purpose of behavior by understanding its antecedents and consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has Ortiz's application model evolved in the context of current times?

<p>Ortiz's model has shifted to encompass all students as unique circumstances, including those affected by COVID-19, influence their evaluations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are universal screening techniques primarily aimed at in school settings?

<p>They are used to identify students who may need additional prevention or intervention services beyond Tier 1 support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does exposure play in non-discriminatory assessment according to Ortiz?

<p>Exposure is crucial as it affects assessment performance and should be considered along with cultural and linguistic backgrounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the assessment of culturally and linguistically diverse students particularly important?

<p>It ensures that evaluations are equitable and take into account the unique backgrounds of each student.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did COVID-19 impact the evaluation practices of school psychologists?

<p>It highlighted the need to consider diverse experiences and backgrounds that students face during assessments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do FBA procedures help clinicians in assessing children's problems?

<p>They allow clinicians to discern the environmental factors influencing a child's behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconceptions might arise from a lack of acculturation in educational assessments?

<p>It may wrongly lead evaluators to conclude that students require special education services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define reliability and explain its significance in measurement.

<p>Reliability is the extent to which the measure is consistent. It is significant because high reliability ensures that the results are stable and trustworthy over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the standard error of measurement indicate?

<p>The standard error of measurement indicates the amount of error associated with a score. It provides insight into the precision of an individual's score.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe content validity and its importance in testing.

<p>Content validity refers to how representative the items on a test are of the domain they are intended to evaluate. It is important as it ensures the test accurately reflects the knowledge or skills it aims to measure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between concurrent and predictive validity.

<p>Concurrent validity examines the test score as it relates to a currently available outcome, while predictive validity looks at the relationship between the test score and future performance. Both assess criterion validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is construct validity and why is it considered the superordinate form of validity?

<p>Construct validity assesses whether a test measures the intended construct. It is considered superordinate because it encompasses other forms of validity, ensuring that the test genuinely evaluates the concept it aims to measure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the discrepancy in reliability coefficients in interrater reliability.

<p>In interrater reliability, coefficients may not be highly correlated due to low-to-moderate agreement between different raters, such as parents and teachers. This highlights variability in perceptions or interpretations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify common elements in Sattler's definitions of IQ.

<p>Common elements include the ability to adapt to the environment, to learn, and to think abstractly. These components reflect the multifaceted nature of intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'discriminant validity' in the context of construct validity?

<p>Discriminant validity refers to the extent to which a test does not correlate with measures of unlike constructs. It ensures that the test is specifically measuring the intended construct rather than unrelated concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Ortiz refer to when mentioning 'ecological validity' in the context of assessing students?

<p>It refers to interpreting test scores based on the context that reflects reasonable expectations of student progress and performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the five components identified by Burns et al. (2014) that should be present in all interventions.

<ol> <li>Explicit Instruction 2. Appropriate Level of Challenge 3. Frequent Student Response Opportunities 4. Targeting Skills based on Instructional Hierarchy 5. Consistent Feedback to Student.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary tasks of the teacher for effective instruction?

<ol> <li>Structuring the classroom to promote active participation. 2. Structuring learning tasks considering prior knowledge and skill development.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How do contextual factors play a role in educational assessments according to the content provided?

<p>Contextual factors ensure that observed deficits cannot be attributed solely to differences in experience or development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of using native language tests administered by a multilingual evaluator.

<p>This approach helps ensure that assessments are more accurately reflecting a student's abilities without the barrier of language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does careful observation and error analysis play in developmental/dynamic assessments?

<p>They provide valuable insights into a student's learning process and identify specific areas needing support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for evaluating student assessments to consider developmental experiences?

<p>Considering developmental experiences ensures that evaluations are fair and take into account the student's unique background.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one strategy to improve student engagement and motivation as discussed in the content.

<p>Offering frequent student response opportunities can significantly enhance engagement and motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are contingency management interventions, and how do they impact student behavior?

<p>Contingency management interventions involve using contingent praise and reinforcement to positively influence students' task engagement and studying behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the concept of self-regulated learning and its importance in educational interventions.

<p>Self-regulated learning involves students planning and organizing their learning activities while developing self-perception as competent and autonomous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some advantages of evidence-based interventions (EBIs)?

<p>EBIs are manualized, scripted, and explicit, providing clear step-by-step instructions that are easily replicable and based on previous research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify some challenges or disadvantages associated with using evidence-based interventions.

<p>Manualized EBIs may lack generalizability, cultural relevance, and their effectiveness may not be understood until evaluated in real settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the jingle-jangle fallacy and its implications for research.

<p>The jingle-jangle fallacy leads to confusion from using a single term for multiple constructs or different terms for the same construct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the terms 'jingle' and 'jangle' refer to in the context of the jingle-jangle fallacy?

<p>'Jingle' refers to using one term to represent multiple constructs, while 'jangle' refers to using different terms for similar constructs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define ACES and discuss their impact on youth.

<p>ACEs, or adverse childhood experiences, refer to traumatic events that a large number of youth may face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can self-monitoring enhance a student's learning process?

<p>Self-monitoring allows students to observe and document their behaviors, leading to increased awareness and accountability in their learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the collaborative consultative problem-solving process aimed at improving?

<p>It aims to improve outcomes for students through collaboration between two or more individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do interpersonal interaction and communication skills play in the collaborative consultative problem-solving process?

<p>They significantly impact the effectiveness of the process by facilitating better collaboration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two key factors affecting the implementation of interventions presented in chapter 11.

<p>Characteristics of the intervention and implementer characteristics and competencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does systems theory influence decision-making in schools?

<p>It highlights that classroom and school decisions are interrelated and affect broader systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Rogers, who should be targeted first for intervention implementation?

<p>Key opinion leaders, perceived as having social power within the organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does systems theory assume about the relationships in educational settings?

<p>It assumes that everything is interrelated and interdependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mention a critical community factor affecting the implementation of interventions.

<p>Community support and resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of training and technical assistance in the implementation process?

<p>They ensure that implementers have the necessary skills and resources to effectively execute interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Reliability

The consistency of a measure.

Standard Error of Measurement

The amount of error associated with a score.

Confidence Interval

The range of scores likely to contain a person's 'true' score.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it's intended to.

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Content Validity

Test items represent the domain they evaluate.

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Criterion Validity

Relationship between scores on measure and outcome (concurrent or predictive).

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Construct Validity

Overarching measure of whether a test is valid, including convergent and discriminant validity.

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IQ Dominant Theories

Differ by whether they believe in a single general factor (g) of intelligence or multiple independent factors.

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Unfair Assessment

Evaluating a student's abilities or needs inaccurately due to lack of exposure to a specific language or cultural practice.

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Exposure

Formal and informal language and cultural experience.

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True Peers

Students with similar backgrounds and opportunities for learning as the student being assessed.

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Step 3: Evaluate Impact of Differences

Process of determining if factors like culture/language impact test validity.

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English Testing Priority

Initially test in English unless a valid reason exists to test in the student's native language

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Average English Scores

If a multilingual student performs average on an English test, it suggests no language deficit or dysfunction.

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Additional Testing Rationale

Only test the student's heritage language if there are weak areas in English that need additional linguistic confirmation.

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Multilingual Professional Support

Potential need for additional support from professional experts (e.g., bilingual support outside of school psychologist) to validate heritage language testing.

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Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)

A group of procedures to identify the reason (function) behind a behavior. It looks at what happens before and after the behavior to understand the environment triggering it.

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Universal Screening

Procedures in schools to identify students who might need more support than typical Tier 1 services provide.

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Non-Discriminatory Assessment

Assessment practices that avoid bias and consider the many factors that might influence a student's performance, including culture, language, and personal experiences.

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Exposure (in assessment)

A student's relationship to their school, learning, and experiences that affect their assessment performance, such as cultural or language differences.

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Ortiz's Model (Application)

Originally focused on culturally diverse students, the model is now applied to all students to account for diverse experiences like acculturation or COVID. It considers how these experiences influence assessments.

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Acculturation

The process of adapting to a new culture or environment.

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Antecedents (in FBA)

Events that happen before a behavior that might trigger it.

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Consequences (in FBA)

Events that happen after a behavior that can either maintain or discourage it.

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Ecological Validity

Ensuring test scores accurately reflect the student's true abilities by considering their developmental experiences and background.

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5 Components of Effective Interventions

Explicit Instruction, Appropriate Level of Challenge, Frequent Student Response Opportunities, Targeting Skills based on Instructional Hierarchy, Consistent Feedback to Student.

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What are the two primary tasks of a teacher?

  1. Structuring the classroom to promote active participation and discourage disruptive behavior. 2. Structuring learning tasks that consider the student's prior knowledge and skill development.
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Engagement, Motivation, Self-Regulation, Problem Solving

Strategies should be used to improve these areas in students.

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Developmental/Dynamic Assessment

A testing approach that uses a test battery, careful observation, and error analysis with an interpreter's assistance to assess learning potential.

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Multilingual Testing

Using either native language tests or English tests with the assistance of a multilingual evaluator or interpreter.

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Consistency between Observed and Expected Learning

The belief about the cause of a student's learning problems should match the actual observed learning difficulties.

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Inform Instructional Needs

Using all the gathered information to identify specific support and interventions for students with disabilities.

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Contingency Management

Using rewards and positive reinforcement to improve behaviors like attending to tasks or studying.

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Good Behavior Game

A group-based system where students earn rewards for good behavior, with groups competing for fewer rule infractions.

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Self-Regulated Learning

Students taking responsibility for their learning by planning, organizing, and monitoring their progress.

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Self-Management Interventions

Interventions focused on empowering students to believe in their abilities and take ownership of their learning.

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Jingle Fallacy

Using the same term to represent different concepts, leading to confusion and misinterpretation.

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Jangle Fallacy

Using different terms to describe the same or similar concepts, hindering clear communication and research.

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ACEs

Adverse Childhood Experiences, such as trauma or abuse, that negatively impact children's development.

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Evidence-Based Interventions (EBIs)

Interventions supported by research and proven effective in improving outcomes.

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Collaborative Consultative Problem-Solving

A process where two or more individuals work together to apply problem-solving steps to improve student outcomes.

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Key Factors Impacting Intervention Implementation

Factors like intervention characteristics, implementer skills, community support, and organizational capacity influence the effectiveness of interventions.

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Systems Theory in Schools

A theory suggesting everything in a school is interconnected and interdependent. Decisions in one part of the school affect other parts.

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Key Opinion Leaders

Individuals who have strong influence within a school, even without formal authority.

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Four Forces Shaping School Psychology

The forces impacting school psychology are: 1) Advocacy, 2) Technology, 3) Changing Demographics, and 4) Evidence-Based Practice.

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What are the steps of the collaborative consultative problem-solving process?

  1. Identify the problem or issue, 2.     Gather information and analyze data, 3.     Develop and implement a plan, 4.     Monitor and evaluate progress, 5.     Adjust and refine.
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How does systems theory impact our work in schools?

It helps us understand that decisions and interventions in one area of a school, like a classroom, can impact other parts of the school system.

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What does 'interpersonal interaction and communication skills' impact?

Effective interpersonal and communication skills play a vital role in successful collaborative problem-solving processes.

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Study Notes

Reliability and Validity

  • Reliability refers to the consistency of a measurement
  • Standard error of measurement quantifies the amount of error in a score
  • Confidence interval represents the range of scores likely to contain a true score
  • Validity describes the extent to which a test measures what it intends to measure
  • Content validity assesses if test items represent the domain being evaluated
  • Criterion validity examines the relationship between the test score and an outcome
  • Concurrent validity relates a test score to current outcomes
  • Predictive validity relates a test score to future performance
  • Construct validity is the overarching type of validity, measuring whether the test measures the intended construct
  • Convergent validity refers to correlation with other measures of the same construct
  • Discriminant validity refers to lack of correlation with measures of different constructs

Reliability Coefficients

  • Not all forms of reliability should be expected to be high
  • Interrater reliability, the agreement between raters, can be low to moderate

IQ Theories

  • Dominant IQ theories differ in their focus.

Cognitive Assessments

  • Traditional cognitive assessments align with Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory
  • Examples of such assessments include WISC-V, Stanford-Binet, Woodcock-Johnson, and KABC.

Achievement Tests

  • Newer achievement tests are often co-normed with IQ tests to match IDEA 2004 requirements
  • Achievement Discrepancy Analysis is used in these tests

CBE, CBA, and CBM

  • Curriculum-Based Evaluation (CBE) helps educators address learning and behavior problems by aligning assessments with curriculum standards
  • Based on CBE, curriculum-based assessments (CBA) assess student strengths,
  • Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) is a standardized measure of general outcome aligned with curriculum standards

Social/Emotional/Behavioral Assessment Methods

  • Behavior rating scales are a commonly used method to assess social-emotional, behavioral, and mental health functioning.
  • Projective measures (drawing, thematic techniques, sentence completion) have been debated for their usefulness.
  • Interviews (clinical, structured, semi-structured) gather information on social-emotional functioning.
  • Observations assess behavior in its context.
  • Direct behavior rating (DBR) combines elements of both rating scales and direct observations.
  • Self-report measures (rating scales, personality measures) allow students to report their own perspectives.
  • Functional Behavior Assessments (FBAs) identify environmental conditions that maintain problematic behaviors
  • Universal Screening is increasingly used in schools to identify students who may need more support.

Non-Discriminatory Assessment

  • Ortiz's model emphasizes understanding cultural and linguistic backgrounds when evaluating students.
  • Exposure to different cultures and languages affects student performance.
  • True peers have similar experiences and opportunities when being tested

Student Behaviors and Interventions

  • Factors like student motivation or difficulty are important considerations in teaching
  • Effective teachers structure classrooms to promote participation and discourage disruptive behavior
  • Teachers should consider prior knowledge and skills when designing learning activities
  • Contingency management, self-regulation, and self-management are important interventions to positively impact student engagement, motivation, self-regulation, and problem solving
  • Evidence-based interventions (EBIs) are manualized and scripted, explicit, using step-by-step instructions for consistency and reproduction.

Systems Theory

  • Systems theory views aspects of a system (e.g., individuals, groups) as interdependent, and the interplay among them.
  • Changing social conditions, evolving legal aspects of education, increased diversity in students, and an increased focus on implementation science (how to translate research findings to practical application) are important factors impacting the profession of school psychology.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts of reliability and validity in psychometrics, including their definitions, types, and assessment methods. Understand the differences between various types of validity and the importance of reliability coefficients in measuring test consistency. Test your knowledge on how these principles apply to psychological measurement.

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