Psychology Unit 3: Development & Learning

<p>Secure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxious (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoidant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disorganized (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socialization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jean Piaget (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment styles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensorimotor Stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object Permanence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preoperational Stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronosystem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authoritarian Parenting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separation anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contact comfort (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parallel play (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pretend play (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Egocentrism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imaginary audience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal fable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Habituation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous Recovery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It naturally triggers a response without prior learning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using conditioning to change responses to certain triggers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associative Learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inclination to form associations between stimuli and responses because of our evolutionary history. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operant Conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>18 to 25 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing a sense of trust versus mistrust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conflict between faith in the world and lack of faith in the world (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sense of mistrust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing a sense of self-sufficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emerging Adulthood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflecting on one's life and evaluating its meaning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Being undecided and disinterested in exploring different choices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The successful integration of self-concept based on exploration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experiencing violence, abuse, or neglect during childhood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Old age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater capacity for healthy intimate relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion is characterized by a lack of exploration and commitment, while Moratorium involves exploration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical Conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bell that is rung just before food is presented (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Habituation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulus generalization refers to a conditioned response being evoked by similar stimuli, while stimulus discrimination involves the ability to distinguish between stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using relaxation techniques to overcome a fear of spiders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some associations are easier to learn than others due to evolutionary factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviors are learned through consequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foreclosure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moratorium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Racial/Ethnic Identity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attraction to other people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Religious Identity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Familial Identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occupational Identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moratorium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviors with favorable consequences are repeated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary Reinforcers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases the behavior it follows. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large, general movements like walking. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instinctive Drift (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tendency to turn toward touch and search for a nipple. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual Cliff (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coping with social and academic demands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identity vs. Role Confusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflecting on life choices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>19 to 40 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Successful integration of personal values and roles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating a legacy and contributing to society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indecision and lack of interest in identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Achieving independence and self-control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sense of personal identity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experiencing neglect or witnessing violence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generativity vs. Stagnation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indecision regarding identity and values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Industry vs. Inferiority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong social relationships in adulthood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Old age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separation Anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contact Comfort (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parallel Play (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Egocentrism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imaginary Audience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal Fable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The culturally accepted timing of life events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning and behavior, including thoughts, feelings, and actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making connections between events to learn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Becoming less responsive to a repeated stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pairing two stimuli to elicit a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An UCS naturally triggers a response without learning, while a CS is initially neutral but becomes associated with a response after learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The initial learning stage where a response is established.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extinction is the diminishing of a conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a pause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to differentiate between stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditioned stimulus evokes similar responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves pairing a new stimulus with a conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To change responses to triggers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoidance of food associated with discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning occurs with only one pairing of the stimulus and response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inclination to form associations between stimuli and responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning through rewards and punishments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behaviors with favorable consequences are repeated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It strengthens behavior that follows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are innately reinforcing stimuli that satisfy biological needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases behavior that follows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The positive reinforcement of behavior patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency to revert to instinctive behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to make small, precise movements, typically involving coordination of the hands and fingers with the eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maturation is the process of biological development that is relatively unaffected by prior experiences. These processes create changes in behavior as the individual grows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflexes are automatic responses to sensory stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An infant will turn their head and open their mouth when their cheek is touched. This reflex helps the baby find the nipple to feed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is used to test depth perception in infants and young animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These are specific time periods during which an organism must experience certain stimuli to develop normally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Those are times when an individual is more open to particular kinds of experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formation of strong attachments during early life by certain animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rapid increase in growth during puberty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The period of sexual maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice change, and body hair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first menstrual period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time of natural cessation of menstruation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The biological characteristics by which people define males and females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gender is the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the process by which individuals learn the norms, rules, and information of a culture or society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His study of cognitive development in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This stage occurs from birth to about two years of age, where infants learn about the world through their sensory impressions and motor activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This is the awareness that objects continue to exist even when they're not perceived.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This is the second stage, from about 2 to 7 years of age, during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend concrete logic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes over time in child development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authoritarian parenting style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness to the child. Authoritative parenting style combines high demands with high responsiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low demands with high responsiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patterns of attachment are defined by different ways of interacting and behaving in relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A secure attachment is characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the feeling that you are well-liked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insecure attachments are characterized by fear of abandonment, a feeling that one's needs might not be met, and difficulty in learning to trust others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is characterized by difficulty in learning to trust other people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxious attachments are characterized by concern about the stability of relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This attachment style is characterized by a lack of clear attachment behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity of a person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is characterized by emotional distress experienced by many infants when they are separated from those they are attached to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The physical and emotional comfort an infant receives from being in physical contact with their mother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children play side-by-side without interacting with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of play that involves imaginary people and situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inability to differentiate between one's own perspective and the perspectives of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A concept that is used in adolescent psychology. It refers to the belief that an individual's actions are the main focus of others' attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is an adolescent's belief that they are unique and protected from harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The culturally preferred timing of social events, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It encompasses the period between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood, generally between the ages of 18 and 25.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erikson's theory identifies eight stages that a person passes through, from infancy to late adulthood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The infant learns whether or not they can trust the world to meet their needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A child learns to be independent and confident or experiences shame and doubt about their abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children begin to assert control and power over their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children learn to cope with new social and academic demands and develop a sense of competence or experience feelings of inferiority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adolescents explore their independence, develop a sense of self, and potentially experience a crisis as they find a sense of identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals establish careers, settle down within their relationships, begin families, and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals reflect back on their life and develop a sense of integrity or despair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are traumatic events such as violence, abuse, or neglect, that occur in childhood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the successful integration of different aspects of self-concept, including roles, values, and beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This is characterized by the lack of an established identity and the lack of commitment to exploring or making choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals make commitments without exploring alternatives, such as committing to roles or values without exploring other options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An individual is in the midst of a crisis or exploration where commitments are absent, not established, or vaguely defined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to an individual's awareness and experience of being a member of a racial or ethnic group, including cultural, historical, and social aspects of that identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to other people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An individual's sense of belonging to a religious group and the importance of the group's beliefs to a person's sense of self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A person's sense of self based on their job or career choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a part of an individual's sense of self that develops based on their relationships with their family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These are the ideas of who you might become, your aspirations, your hopes, and your fears about what you may become.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Behavioral Perspective emphasizes learning and behavior in explaining thoughts, feelings, and actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Habituation is becoming less responsive to a repeated stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical conditioning is the process of pairing two stimuli to elicit a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) naturally triggers a response without learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acquisition is the initial learning stage where a response is established.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extinction is the diminishing of a conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher-order conditioning is the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a new one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Counterconditioning utilizes conditioning to change responses to triggers by associating the trigger with a more desirable response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taste aversion is the avoidance of food associated with discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One-trial conditioning is a type of learning where one single pairing between stimulus and response is enough to form an association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological preparedness is the inclination to form associations between stimuli and responses based on biological tendencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operant conditioning focuses on learning through rewards and punishments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcement strengthens behavior following it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary reinforcers are innate and satisfy biological needs, while secondary reinforcers gain their reinforcing power through association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior repeating by delivering an unpleasant consequence following it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shaping is a process of positive reinforcement to gradually shape behavior towards a desired outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instinctive drift is the tendency to revert back to instinctive patterns even after training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maturation is the process of biological growth that enables orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflexes are automatic responses to sensory stimuli, like grasping a finger or blinking when an object approaches the eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rooting reflex is a baby's tendency to turn toward a touch on the cheek, open their mouth, and search for the nipple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The visual cliff apparatus is a laboratory device designed to test depth perception in infants and young animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Critical periods are specific time windows during development when an organism must experience certain stimuli to develop normally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensitive periods refer to times when an individual is more receptive to specific kinds of experiences that can shape their development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imprinting is the process where certain young animals form strong attachments to the first moving object they encounter during a critical period after birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Puberty is the period of sexual maturation when a person becomes capable of reproducing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sex is the biological classification of males and females based on distinct biological characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socialization is the process of learning the norms, rules, and values of a culture or society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jean Piaget was a psychologist renowned for his contributions to understanding cognitive development, particularly in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object permanence is the awareness that objects continue to exist even when not perceived.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The preoperational stage, occurring roughly between ages two and seven, is marked by the development of language, but children lack the ability to perform mental operations or understand concrete logic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mental symbols are internal representations or depictions of information that the mind can manipulate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The chronosystem encompasses changes over time in a child's development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authoritarian parenting is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, placing a strong emphasis on rules and obedience, often with limited communication and emotional warmth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authoritative parenting is characterized by high demands and high responsiveness, establishing clear boundaries and expectations while also being supportive, responsive, and engaging in communication with their children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permissive parenting is characterized by low demands and high responsiveness, often involving lenient rules and few restrictions, with a strong emphasis on warmth and acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment styles are patterns of interacting and behaving within relationships, heavily influenced by early experiences with caregivers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secure attachment is characterized by trust, feeling worthy, and lacking fear of abandonment, stemming from consistent and reliable caregiving during childhood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insecure attachment styles involve fear of abandonment and struggling to feel one's needs being met in relationships, often stemming from inconsistent or unreliable caregiving during childhood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoidant attachment is characterized by difficulty learning to trust others and often involves suppressing emotional vulnerability and seeking independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxious attachment involves constant worry about the stability of relationships and intense need for closeness and reassurance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disorganized attachment is characterized by lacking clear attachment behaviors, often displaying unpredictable, contradictory, or confusing behaviors in relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Egocentrism is the inability to understand that others have different perspectives, feelings, and desires from one's own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The imaginary audience is an adolescent's belief that their behavior is being constantly observed and judged by others, often due to heightened self-consciousness during this stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The personal fable is an adolescent's belief that they are unique, special, invincible, and immune to the consequences that others experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emerging adulthood is a phase defined by transitions between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood, spanning generally from ages 18 to 25.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erikson's stage theory outlines eight stages of psychosocial development that occur across the lifespan, focusing on the resolution of internal conflicts and the development of personal identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The trust vs. mistrust stage occurs from birth to approximately 18 months and focuses on the infant's ability to develop a sense of trust in the caregiver's ability to meet their needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage, occurring between 18 months and 3 years, focuses on the toddler's development of a sense of independence and the ability to control their actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The initiative vs. guilt stage, occurring between ages 3 and 5, focuses on the development of a sense of purpose and initiative in pursuing goals while being able to navigate social expectations and accept limitations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The industry vs. inferiority stage, spanning between ages 5 and 12, focuses on the child's development of competence and self-esteem in school and social settings, leading to a sense of accomplishment and a desire to learn and contribute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The identity vs. role confusion stage, typically occurring during adolescence between ages 12 and 18, focuses on the development of a cohesive sense of self and forming an identity by exploring values, beliefs, and roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intimacy vs. isolation stage, occurring during young adulthood between ages 19 and 40, focuses on developing intimate and loving relationships with others while creating a sense of belonging and connection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The generativity vs. stagnation stage, occurring during middle adulthood, focuses on finding a sense of purpose and contribution to society through work, family life, or community involvement, leaving a lasting impact on future generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The integrity vs. despair stage, appearing during late adulthood, focuses on reflecting on one's life and accepting its meaning and purpose with a sense of peace and acceptance, finding a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In adolescent development, achievement refers to the successful integration of various aspects of self-concept, including exploring roles, values, and beliefs, forming a strong sense of identity and purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identity diffusion is characterized by a lack of exploration and commitment to roles, values, and beliefs, leading to a state of uncertainty, indecisiveness, and a lack of clear direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foreclosure involves commitment to roles, values, and beliefs without engaging in exploration, often accepting pre-determined identities or commitments without question.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moratorium is characterized by active exploration of roles, values, and beliefs, accompanied by a period of crisis or questioning existing commitments and exploring alternatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sexual orientation refers to an enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction towards other people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Religious identity involves an individual's sense of belonging to a specific religious group, often accompanied by a sense of purpose and meaning rooted in faith and belief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Familial identity is shaped by the relationships individuals have with their family members, influencing their sense of belonging, values, and traditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Focuses on learning and behavior to explain thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Learning by making connections between events.

Decreased response to a repeated stimulus.

Learning by pairing two stimuli to elicit a response.

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning.

Initially neutral stimulus that begins to trigger a conditioned response.

Diminishing of a conditioned response when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS.

Learning that occurs through rewards and punishments.

A style with high expectations but low nurturance.

A style with high demands and high responsiveness.

A style characterized by high love and few rules.

Patterns of behavior in relationships influenced by attachment.

An attachment style with trust and self-worth.

An attachment style marked by fear of abandonment.

Difficulty trusting others leading to emotional distance.

An attachment style where individuals fear relationship stability.

Socially influenced characteristics that define men and women.

The process of learning the norms and information of a culture or society.

Psychologist known for studying cognitive development in children.

Piaget's first stage from birth to about 2 years, focused on sensory impressions and motor activities.

Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Piaget's second stage, ages 2 to 7, where children use language but struggle with concrete logic.

Internal depictions of information the mind can manipulate.

In Bronfenbrenner's theory, it encompasses changes over time in child development.

A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

Emotional distress seen in infants when separated from attachment figures.

Physical and emotional comfort from being in contact with a caregiver.

Activity where children play adjacent to each other without direct interaction.

Play involving imaginary scenarios and characters.

Inability to understand that others have different perspectives and feelings.

Belief in adolescence that one’s behaviors are the focus of others’ attention.

Adolescent belief they are unique and invulnerable to risk.

Culturally preferred timing of social events like marriage and parenthood.

The final stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, focused on reflecting back on life during old age.

Traumatic events experienced in childhood, affecting long-term well-being.

Successful integration of self-concept through exploration of roles and values.

A status of identity development where no crisis or commitments have been made.

A theory outlining eight stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan.

The process of personality and social understanding growth over time.

The process of evaluating past events and experiences, especially in old age.

The evolution of an individual's understanding of themselves through exploration and commitment.

A life stage between late adolescence and early adulthood, ages 18 to 25.

Erik Erikson's theory identifying eight developmental stages from infancy to late adulthood.

The first stage in Erikson's theory, from birth to 18 months, where infants learn if they can trust the world.

The second stage in Erikson's theory, from 18 months to 3 years, focusing on independence and self-esteem.

The third stage in Erikson's theory, occurring from 3 to 6 years, where children assert control through directing play and social interactions.

The fourth stage in Erikson's theory, from 6 to 12 years, centered around school and developing pride in accomplishments.

The fifth stage in Erikson's theory, from 12 to 18 years, where adolescents explore their personal identity and sense of self.

The sixth stage in Erikson's theory, occurring in young adulthood, focusing on forming intimate relationships.

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Behaviors followed by favorable consequences are repeated.

Strengthens the behavior it follows, leading to more frequent occurrence.

Stimuli that satisfy biological needs naturally, like food or water.

Gains reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers.

An event that decreases the behavior it follows leading to less frequency.

Gradually reinforcing behaviors closer to the desired behavior.

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Automatic responses to sensory stimuli, like grasping a finger tightly.

The initial learning stage where a conditioned response is established.

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a pause.

The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli.

When a conditioned stimulus evokes similar responses to other stimuli.

Pairing a conditioned stimulus with a new stimulus.

Using conditioning to change responses to certain stimuli.

Avoiding food associated with discomfort after just one pairing.

A feeling that arises during preschool years (3-5) when children assert control.

The seventh stage (40-65 years) focusing on contributing to society and guiding the next generation.

Identity development status committing without crisis exploration.

Identity development status in crisis with vague commitments.

Awareness of being part of a racial or ethnic group with cultural embrace.

Enduring attraction to others based on emotional or sexual feelings.

Sense of belonging to a religious group influencing self-perception.

Self-identification through job roles and their impact on self.

Part of identity formed by family relationships and connections.

Learning that occurs after just one pairing of stimulus and response.

Natural inclination to associate certain stimuli and responses easily.

A tendency to revert to instinctive behaviors over learned ones.

Device to test depth perception in infants.

Specific times when certain stimuli are essential for normal development.

Inconsistent and unclear attachment behavior in relationships.

Strong attachments formed during critical early life stages.

Stage of sexual maturation when individuals can reproduce.

The first ejaculation in males, a milestone of puberty.

The first menstrual period, marking female maturation.

Times in development when certain experiences can strongly influence growth.

The ability to perform small, precise movements with hands and fingers.

The ability to use large muscle groups for big movements like walking or jumping.

A person's tendency to respond emotionally in various situations.

Identity commitment made without exploration, often influenced by parental expectations.

A status during identity development where individuals are exploring options without commitment.

Concept including hopes and fears about what one might become.