Unit 3: Development & Learning (New CED) PDF

1/29/25, 8:43 PM Unit 3: Development & Learning (New CED) Unit 3: Development & Learning (New CED) Emphasizes learning and behavior in explaining Behavioral Perspective...

1/29/25, 8:43 PM Unit 3: Development & Learning (New CED) Unit 3: Development & Learning (New CED) Emphasizes learning and behavior in explaining Behavioral Perspective thoughts, feelings, and actions. Associative Learning Making connections between events to learn. Becoming less responsive to a repeated Habituation stimulus. Classical Conditioning Pairing two stimuli to elicit a response. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Naturally triggers a response without learning. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Initially neutral, triggers a conditioned response. Initial learning stage where a response is Acquisition established. Extinction Diminishing of a conditioned response. Reappearance of an extinguished response after Spontaneous Recovery a pause. Stimulus Discrimination Ability to differentiate between stimuli. Stimulus Generalization Conditioned stimulus evokes similar responses. Higher-Order Conditioning Pairing a conditioned stimulus with a new one. Uses conditioning to change responses to Counterconditioning triggers. Taste Aversion Avoidance of food associated with discomfort. Learning with only one pairing of stimulus and One-Trial Conditioning response. Inclination to form associations between stimuli Biological Preparedness and responses. Operant Conditioning Learning through rewards and punishments. https://knowt.com/flashcards/e1b4cf3b-cc20-4931-9311-a04b66d8a82d 1/7 1/29/25, 8:43 PM Unit 3: Development & Learning (New CED) Behaviors with favorable consequences are The Law of Effect repeated. Reinforcement Strengthens behavior it follows. Innately reinforcing stimuli satisfying biological Primary Reinforcers needs. Secondary Reinforcers Gains reinforcing power through association. Punishment Event decreasing behavior it follows. Shaping Positive reinforcement of behavior patterns. Instinctive Drift Tendency to revert to instinctive behaviors. The ability to make small, precise movements, Fine Motor Coordination typically involving the coordination of the hands and fingers with the eyes. The ability to make large, general movements, Gross Motor Coordination such as crawling and walking. Biological growth processes that enable orderly Maturation changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. Automatic responses to sensory stimuli, like Reflexes grasping a finger tightly with the hands. A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, Rooting Reflex to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple. A laboratory device for testing depth perception Visual Cliff in infants and young animals. Specific time periods during which an organism Critical Periods must experience stimuli in order to develop normally. Times in development when a person is Sensitive Periods particularly open to certain kinds of experiences. The process by which certain animals form Imprinting strong attachments during early life. Growth Spurt A rapid increase in growth during puberty. https://knowt.com/flashcards/e1b4cf3b-cc20-4931-9311-a04b66d8a82d 2/7 1/29/25, 8:43 PM Unit 3: Development & Learning (New CED) The period of sexual maturation, during which a Puberty person becomes capable of reproducing. The body structures (ovaries, testes, and Primary Sex Characteristics external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. Nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female Secondary Sex Characteristics breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. Menarche The first menstrual period. Spermarche The first ejaculation. The time of natural cessation of menstruation; Menopause also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. The biologically influenced characteristics by Sex which people define males and females. The socially influenced characteristics by which Gender people define men and women. The process by which people learn the norms, Socialization rules, and information of a culture or society. A psychologist known for his study of cognitive Jean Piaget development in children. The first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, from birth to about 2 years of age, Sensorimotor Stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. The awareness that things continue to exist Object Permanence even when not perceived. The second stage in Piaget's theory, from about 2 to 7 years of age, during which a child learns Preoperational Stage to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. Internal depictions of information that the mind Mental Symbols can manipulate. https://knowt.com/flashcards/e1b4cf3b-cc20-4931-9311-a04b66d8a82d 3/7 1/29/25, 8:43 PM Unit 3: Development & Learning (New CED) In Bronfenbrenner's theory, this system Chronosystem encompasses changes over time in child development. A parenting style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness. Parents with Authoritarian Parenting this style have very high expectations of their children, yet provide very little in the way of feedback and nurturance. A parenting style characterized by high demands and high responsiveness. Parents with Authoritative Parenting this style set limits and enforce rules but also listen to their children. A parenting style characterized by low demands with high responsiveness. These parents tend to Permissive Parenting be very loving, yet provide few guidelines and rules. Patterns of attachment, defined by different Attachment Styles ways of interacting and behaving in relationships. An attachment style characterized by trust, a Secure Attachment lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked. Attachment styles characterized by fear of Insecure Attachment abandonment and the feeling that one's needs might not be met. An attachment style characterized by difficulty Avoidant Attachment in learning to trust others. An attachment style where individuals are often Anxious Attachment anxious about the stability of their relationships. An attachment style characterized by a lack of Disorganized Attachment clear attachment behavior. A person's characteristic emotional reactivity Temperament and intensity. Emotional distress seen in many infants when Separation Anxiety they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment. https://knowt.com/flashcards/e1b4cf3b-cc20-4931-9311-a04b66d8a82d 4/7 1/29/25, 8:43 PM Unit 3: Development & Learning (New CED) The physical and emotional comfort that an Contact Comfort infant receives from being in physical contact with its mother. Activity in which children play side by side Parallel Play without interacting. Play involving imaginary people and situations; Pretend Play also called fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginative play. The inability to differentiate between self and other. More specifically, it is the inability to Egocentrism understand that others have different feelings, desires, and perspectives from one's own. A concept in adolescent psychology where an Imaginary Audience individual believes that his or her behavior is the main focus of others' attention and concern. An adolescent's belief that they are unique and Personal Fable protected from harm. The culturally preferred timing of social events Social Clock such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. A phase of the life span between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood which encompasses Emerging Adulthood late adolescence and early adulthood, generally ages 18 to 25. Erik Erikson's theory that identifies eight stages Stage Theory of Psychosocial Development through which a healthily developing human (Erikson) should pass from infancy to late adulthood. The first stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs Trust vs. Mistrust between birth and approximately 18 months of age. During this stage, the infant learns if they can trust the world to fulfill their needs. The second stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. This stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt approximately 3 years. The child learns to be independent and confident or experiences shame and doubt about their abilities. https://knowt.com/flashcards/e1b4cf3b-cc20-4931-9311-a04b66d8a82d 5/7 1/29/25, 8:43 PM Unit 3: Development & Learning (New CED) The third stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. This stage occurs Initiative vs. Guilt during the preschool years, between the ages of 3 to 5 years. Children begin to assert control and power over their environment. The fourth stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. This stage occurs between the ages of 5 and 12 years. Children Industry vs. Inferiority learn to cope with new social and academic demands, success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority. The fifth stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. This stage occurs Identity vs. Role Confusion during adolescence, from about 12-18 years. During this stage, adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense of self. The sixth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs during young adulthood between the ages of Intimacy vs. Isolation approximately 19 and 40 years. Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. The seventh stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage takes place during middle adulthood between the Generativity vs. Stagnation ages of approximately 40 and 65. Individuals establish careers, settle down within relationships, begin families, and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. The eighth and final stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. This stage Integrity vs. Despair occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. Potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (0-17 years), such as experiencing Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) violence, abuse, or neglect, witnessing violence in the home or community, and having a family member attempt or die by suicide. Achievement (adolescent development) In the context of identity development, this term refers to the successful integration of various https://knowt.com/flashcards/e1b4cf3b-cc20-4931-9311-a04b66d8a82d 6/7 1/29/25, 8:43 PM Unit 3: Development & Learning (New CED) aspects of self-concept, based on explorations of roles, values, and beliefs. A status of identity development where an individual has not yet experienced a crisis or Diffusion (adolescent development) made any commitments. They are undecided and uninterested in occupational and ideological choices. A status of identity development where an individual has made a commitment without Foreclosure (adolescent development) experiencing a crisis. This occurs when people commit to roles or values without exploring alternatives. A status of identity development where an individual is in the midst of a crisis but whose Moratorium (adolescent development) commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined. An individual's awareness and experience of being a member of a racial or ethnic group, Racial/Ethnic Identity including the degree to which one's cultural, historical, and social aspects of identity are embraced. An inherent or immutable enduring emotional, Sexual Orientation romantic, or sexual attraction to other people. An individual's sense of belonging to a religious Religious Identity group, along with the importance of this group membership as it pertains to one's sense of self. How a person identifies themselves based on Occupational Identity their job or career choices and how they feel those roles impact their personal identity. The part of an individual's identity that is formed Familial Identity by the relationships they have with their family members. The aspect of oneself that includes all the ideas Possible Selves of what one might become, what one hopes to become, and what one is afraid of becoming. https://knowt.com/flashcards/e1b4cf3b-cc20-4931-9311-a04b66d8a82d 7/7