Psychology Unit 05: Learning Processes

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Grades

Food (correct)

Praise

Money

What type of reinforcement schedule is illustrated when a student receives a reward for every correct answer?

Fixed Interval

Variable Interval

Variable Ratio

Fixed Ratio (correct)

What is the term for learning that occurs but is not immediately demonstrated in behavior?

Cognitive Learning

Insight Learning

Latent Learning (correct)

Observational Learning

A dog learns to avoid a shock after seeing a warning light. What type of conditioning is this?

Classical Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hippocampus play in learning?

It is involved in forming new explicit memories Signup and view all the answers

When a teacher praises a student after every test, this praise serves as:

Positive Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A previously neutral stimulus that triggers a response after learning Signup and view all the answers

A driver learns to avoid speeding after receiving a ticket. This is an example of:

Punishment Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning associates stimuli; operant conditioning associates behavior and consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors through experience called?

Learning Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is the term for a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response?

Unconditioned Stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Pavlov's experiments demonstrated that dogs could associate a bell's sound with food. What response did this demonstrate?

Classical Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

In the scenario where Sarah develops nausea at the sight of seafood after food poisoning from shrimp, what is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Seafood sight Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what is the term for strengthening a behavior by presenting a positive stimulus?

Positive Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

A child fears all dogs after being bitten by a black dog. What principle does this demonstrate?

Generalization Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning?

Reinforcement increases behavior, punishment decreases it Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery refers to:

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

In the scenario where a dog salivates to the sound of a specific bell but not to similar sounds, this is an example of:

Discrimination Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Exam - Unit 05

Learning: The process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors through experience.
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): Learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, triggering a learned response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Naturally and automatically triggers a response.
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): The naturally occurring response to the UCS.
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): Initially elicits no response.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with the UCS, now triggers a conditioned response.
- Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (now the CS).
- Example: Pavlov's dogs associating a bell (NS) with food (UCS), eventually responding to the bell (CS) with salivation (CR).
Operant Conditioning: Learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences.
- Reinforcement: Increases the probability of a behavior.
  - Positive Reinforcement: Adds a desirable stimulus to increase behavior.
  - Negative Reinforcement: Removes an undesirable stimulus to increase behavior.
- Punishment: Decreases the probability of a behavior.
  - Positive Punishment: Adds an undesirable stimulus to decrease behavior.
  - Negative Punishment: Removes a desirable stimulus to decrease behavior.
Observational Learning: Learning by observing others.
Extinction: The weakening or disappearance of a learned response when the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS.
Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.
Generalization: Responding to stimuli similar to the CS.
Discrimination: Responding only to the specific CS and not similar stimuli.
Latent Learning: Learning that occurs but isn't immediately demonstrated in behavior.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with the UCS, now triggers a conditioned response. For example, if you develop a fear reaction after a bad experience with shrimp, the sight of shrimp would be the conditioned stimulus (CS).
Primary Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. Examples include food, water, and shelter.
Secondary Reinforcer: A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. Examples include money, grades, and praise.
Reinforcement Schedules: Specific patterns of delivering reinforcement (e.g., Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval).
Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement after a specific number of responses.
Variable Ratio: Reinforcement after a varying number of responses.
Fixed Interval: Reinforcement after a specific time interval.
Variable Interval: Reinforcement after a varying time interval.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts of learning psychology, focusing on classical and operant conditioning. You will explore terms like unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and responses. Test your understanding of how behavior can be shaped through different learning methods.