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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
- Grades
- Food (correct)
- Praise
- Money
What type of reinforcement schedule is illustrated when a student receives a reward for every correct answer?
What type of reinforcement schedule is illustrated when a student receives a reward for every correct answer?
- Fixed Interval
- Variable Interval
- Variable Ratio
- Fixed Ratio (correct)
What is the term for learning that occurs but is not immediately demonstrated in behavior?
What is the term for learning that occurs but is not immediately demonstrated in behavior?
- Cognitive Learning
- Insight Learning
- Latent Learning (correct)
- Observational Learning
A dog learns to avoid a shock after seeing a warning light. What type of conditioning is this?
A dog learns to avoid a shock after seeing a warning light. What type of conditioning is this?
What role does the hippocampus play in learning?
What role does the hippocampus play in learning?
When a teacher praises a student after every test, this praise serves as:
When a teacher praises a student after every test, this praise serves as:
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
A driver learns to avoid speeding after receiving a ticket. This is an example of:
A driver learns to avoid speeding after receiving a ticket. This is an example of:
What is the key difference between classical and operant conditioning?
What is the key difference between classical and operant conditioning?
What is the process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors through experience called?
What is the process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors through experience called?
In classical conditioning, what is the term for a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response?
In classical conditioning, what is the term for a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response?
Pavlov's experiments demonstrated that dogs could associate a bell's sound with food. What response did this demonstrate?
Pavlov's experiments demonstrated that dogs could associate a bell's sound with food. What response did this demonstrate?
In the scenario where Sarah develops nausea at the sight of seafood after food poisoning from shrimp, what is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
In the scenario where Sarah develops nausea at the sight of seafood after food poisoning from shrimp, what is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
What happens when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
What happens when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
In operant conditioning, what is the term for strengthening a behavior by presenting a positive stimulus?
In operant conditioning, what is the term for strengthening a behavior by presenting a positive stimulus?
A child fears all dogs after being bitten by a black dog. What principle does this demonstrate?
A child fears all dogs after being bitten by a black dog. What principle does this demonstrate?
What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning?
What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning?
In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery refers to:
In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery refers to:
In the scenario where a dog salivates to the sound of a specific bell but not to similar sounds, this is an example of:
In the scenario where a dog salivates to the sound of a specific bell but not to similar sounds, this is an example of:
Flashcards
Learning
Learning
The process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors through experience.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
The naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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Conditioned Response (CR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
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Extinction
Extinction
The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
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Spontaneous Recovery
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.
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Generalization
Generalization
The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
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Discrimination
Discrimination
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Strengthening a behavior by presenting a positive stimulus after the behavior occurs.
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning where a neutral stimulus (CS) is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that naturally elicits a response (UCR). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and can elicit a conditioned response (CR) similar to the unconditioned response.
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning where behaviors are learned through consequences. Behaviors followed by reinforcement are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by punishment are less likely to be repeated.
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Observational Learning
Observational Learning
A type of learning where individuals learn by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
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Latent Learning
Latent Learning
A type of learning that occurs but is not immediately demonstrated until there is a reason or motivation to do so.
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Primary Reinforcer
Primary Reinforcer
A reinforcer that is naturally satisfying or rewarding, such as food, water, or warmth.
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Fixed Ratio Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio Reinforcement
A reinforcement schedule where reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses.
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Cognitive Learning
Cognitive Learning
A type of learning that involves the acquisition of knowledge and skills through observation, experience, and cognitive processes.
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Learning Exam - Unit 05
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Learning: The process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors through experience.
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Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): Learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, triggering a learned response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Naturally and automatically triggers a response.
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): The naturally occurring response to the UCS.
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): Initially elicits no response.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with the UCS, now triggers a conditioned response.
- Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (now the CS).
- Example: Pavlov's dogs associating a bell (NS) with food (UCS), eventually responding to the bell (CS) with salivation (CR).
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Operant Conditioning: Learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences.
- Reinforcement: Increases the probability of a behavior.
- Positive Reinforcement: Adds a desirable stimulus to increase behavior.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removes an undesirable stimulus to increase behavior.
- Punishment: Decreases the probability of a behavior.
- Positive Punishment: Adds an undesirable stimulus to decrease behavior.
- Negative Punishment: Removes a desirable stimulus to decrease behavior.
- Reinforcement: Increases the probability of a behavior.
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Observational Learning: Learning by observing others.
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Extinction: The weakening or disappearance of a learned response when the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS.
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Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.
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Generalization: Responding to stimuli similar to the CS.
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Discrimination: Responding only to the specific CS and not similar stimuli.
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Latent Learning: Learning that occurs but isn't immediately demonstrated in behavior.
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with the UCS, now triggers a conditioned response. For example, if you develop a fear reaction after a bad experience with shrimp, the sight of shrimp would be the conditioned stimulus (CS).
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Primary Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. Examples include food, water, and shelter.
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Secondary Reinforcer: A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. Examples include money, grades, and praise.
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Reinforcement Schedules: Specific patterns of delivering reinforcement (e.g., Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval).
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Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement after a specific number of responses.
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Variable Ratio: Reinforcement after a varying number of responses.
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Fixed Interval: Reinforcement after a specific time interval.
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Variable Interval: Reinforcement after a varying time interval.
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