Learning Exam - Unit 05: Conditioning Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism through which enduring behavior is acquired?

  • Instinct
  • Habituation
  • Learning (correct)
  • Reflex Action

In classical conditioning, which term describes a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response?

  • Conditioned Stimulus
  • Neutral Stimulus (correct)
  • Unconditioned Response
  • Unconditioned Stimulus

Which type of learning occurs when an individual learns to respond differently to similar stimuli?

  • Spontaneous Recovery
  • Observational Learning
  • Discrimination (correct)
  • Generalization

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an unconditioned stimulus, what is the result?

<p>Extinction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, which process involves increasing a behavior through positive stimulus?

<p>Positive Reinforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the occurrence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of non-exposure?

<p>Spontaneous Recovery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is illustrated when a child develops a fear of all dogs after being bitten by a specific one?

<p>Generalization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning?

<p>Reinforcement increases behavior, punishment decreases it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of observational learning?

<p>Imitating another's behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response occurs when exposure to a similar stimulus evokes a reaction similar to a conditioned response?

<p>Generalization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of operant conditioning?

<p>It relies on reinforcement and consequences to shape behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?

<p>Reinforcement occurs based on an unpredictable number of responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of latent learning?

<p>A rat learns the layout of a maze but only demonstrates this knowledge later. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a classical conditioning scenario, which statement about the conditioned stimulus is correct?

<p>It must be paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hippocampus play in the context of learning?

<p>It is crucial for the formation of new explicit memories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement is illustrated when a student receives praise from a teacher?

<p>Positive reinforcement aimed to increase desirable behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of insight learning?

<p>It exemplifies sudden realization or understanding of a problem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation does punishment serve as a learning tool?

<p>When it stops unwanted behavior through negative consequences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes classical conditioning from operant conditioning?

<p>Operant conditioning focuses on behaviors followed by consequences, classical relies on stimulus associations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a positive reinforcement have on behavior?

<p>It strengthens behavior by presenting a desirable outcome following an action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is learning?

The process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors through experience.

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.

What is classical conditioning?

The process of associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

What is a conditioned response?

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

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What is extinction in classical conditioning?

When a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response gradually weakens and disappears.

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What is spontaneous recovery?

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

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What is positive reinforcement?

Strengthening a behavior by presenting a positive stimulus.

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What is negative reinforcement?

Strengthening a behavior by removing a negative stimulus.

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What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

Learning to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond to only one.

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What is generalization in classical conditioning?

Learning to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

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Classical Conditioning

Learning through association of two stimuli, where a previously neutral stimulus (CS) comes to elicit a response (CR) after being paired with a naturally triggering stimulus (UCS).

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Operant Conditioning

Learning through associating a behavior with its consequences. Behaviors followed by rewards (reinforcers) are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by punishments are less likely to occur.

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Observational Learning

Learning by observing and imitating others. This involves observing a model's behavior, remembering it, and then reproducing it.

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Latent Learning

Learning that occurs but is not immediately demonstrated until there is a reason or incentive to do so. It's like learning a route but only taking it when you need to get somewhere.

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Primary Reinforcer

A primary reinforcer is a stimulus that is inherently rewarding, satisfying a basic biological need. It's naturally motivating and doesn't require learning to be enjoyable.

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Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

A reinforcement schedule that delivers a reward after a fixed number of responses. For example, getting paid for every 10 items produced.

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Latent Learning

Learning that occurs but is not immediately demonstrated in behavior.

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without any prior learning. It's an instinctive response to a stimulus.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

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Difference between Classical and Operant Conditioning

The key difference lies in the association being learned. In classical conditioning, stimuli are associated, while in operant conditioning, behaviors and their consequences are linked.

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Study Notes

Learning Exam - Unit 05

  • Learning: The process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors through experience.

  • Classical Conditioning: A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

    • Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
    • Unconditioned Response (UR): The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus.
    • Neutral Stimulus (NS): A stimulus that initially does not elicit a response.
    • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
    • Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
    • Example: Pavlov's dogs associating a bell (NS) with food (US), eventually responding to the bell (CS) with salivation (CR).

  • Operant Conditioning: A type of learning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.

  • Reinforcement: Increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

  • Positive Reinforcement: Introducing a desirable stimulus to increase behavior.

    • Example: Giving a treat to a dog after it sits.

  • Negative Reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus to increase behavior.

    • Example: Taking away chores when a child gets good grades.

  • Punishment: Decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

    • Example: Spanking a child for misbehaving.

  • Key difference: Classical conditioning focuses on associating stimuli, while operant conditioning focuses on associating behavior and its consequences.

  • Observational Learning: Learning by observing and imitating others' behaviors.

  • Example: A child learning to ride a bike by watching their sibling.

  • Extinction (Learning): The diminished response that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.

  • Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

  • Generalization: The tendency for a conditioned response to occur in response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

  • Discrimination (Learning): The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal the unconditioned stimulus.

  • Primary Reinforcers: Stimuli that are naturally rewarding, such as food or water. Examples include food, water, and shelter

  • Latent Learning: Learning that occurs but is not immediately demonstrated in behavior.

  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus, can evoke a conditioned response.

    • Example: In the shrimp-nausea example, the sight of seafood (CS) becomes associated with food poisoning (US), causing nausea (CR).

  • Example of learning scenario: A child fears all dogs after being bitten by a black dog (Generalization).

  • Reinforcement schedule (Fixed Ratio): A reinforcement schedule where a reward is given after a set number of responses.

    • Example: A student getting a reward after every three correct answers.

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