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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism through which enduring behavior is acquired?
What is the primary mechanism through which enduring behavior is acquired?
In classical conditioning, which term describes a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response?
In classical conditioning, which term describes a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response?
Which type of learning occurs when an individual learns to respond differently to similar stimuli?
Which type of learning occurs when an individual learns to respond differently to similar stimuli?
When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an unconditioned stimulus, what is the result?
When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an unconditioned stimulus, what is the result?
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In operant conditioning, which process involves increasing a behavior through positive stimulus?
In operant conditioning, which process involves increasing a behavior through positive stimulus?
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What phenomenon describes the occurrence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of non-exposure?
What phenomenon describes the occurrence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of non-exposure?
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What concept is illustrated when a child develops a fear of all dogs after being bitten by a specific one?
What concept is illustrated when a child develops a fear of all dogs after being bitten by a specific one?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning?
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What is the primary characteristic of observational learning?
What is the primary characteristic of observational learning?
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Which response occurs when exposure to a similar stimulus evokes a reaction similar to a conditioned response?
Which response occurs when exposure to a similar stimulus evokes a reaction similar to a conditioned response?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of operant conditioning?
Which of the following is a characteristic of operant conditioning?
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What defines a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?
What defines a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?
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What is an example of latent learning?
What is an example of latent learning?
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In a classical conditioning scenario, which statement about the conditioned stimulus is correct?
In a classical conditioning scenario, which statement about the conditioned stimulus is correct?
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What role does the hippocampus play in the context of learning?
What role does the hippocampus play in the context of learning?
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Which type of reinforcement is illustrated when a student receives praise from a teacher?
Which type of reinforcement is illustrated when a student receives praise from a teacher?
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What is a key feature of insight learning?
What is a key feature of insight learning?
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In what situation does punishment serve as a learning tool?
In what situation does punishment serve as a learning tool?
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What distinguishes classical conditioning from operant conditioning?
What distinguishes classical conditioning from operant conditioning?
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What effect does a positive reinforcement have on behavior?
What effect does a positive reinforcement have on behavior?
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Study Notes
Learning Exam - Unit 05
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Learning: The process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors through experience.
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Classical Conditioning: A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
- Unconditioned Response (UR): The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus.
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): A stimulus that initially does not elicit a response.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
- Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
- Example: Pavlov's dogs associating a bell (NS) with food (US), eventually responding to the bell (CS) with salivation (CR).
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Operant Conditioning: A type of learning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.
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Reinforcement: Increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
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Positive Reinforcement: Introducing a desirable stimulus to increase behavior.
- Example: Giving a treat to a dog after it sits.
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Negative Reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus to increase behavior.
- Example: Taking away chores when a child gets good grades.
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Punishment: Decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
- Example: Spanking a child for misbehaving.
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Key difference: Classical conditioning focuses on associating stimuli, while operant conditioning focuses on associating behavior and its consequences.
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Observational Learning: Learning by observing and imitating others' behaviors.
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Example: A child learning to ride a bike by watching their sibling.
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Extinction (Learning): The diminished response that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.
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Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
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Generalization: The tendency for a conditioned response to occur in response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
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Discrimination (Learning): The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal the unconditioned stimulus.
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Primary Reinforcers: Stimuli that are naturally rewarding, such as food or water. Examples include food, water, and shelter
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Latent Learning: Learning that occurs but is not immediately demonstrated in behavior.
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus, can evoke a conditioned response.
- Example: In the shrimp-nausea example, the sight of seafood (CS) becomes associated with food poisoning (US), causing nausea (CR).
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Example of learning scenario: A child fears all dogs after being bitten by a black dog (Generalization).
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Reinforcement schedule (Fixed Ratio): A reinforcement schedule where a reward is given after a set number of responses.
- Example: A student getting a reward after every three correct answers.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts of learning, including classical and operant conditioning. Dive into terms such as unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, and more, to test your understanding of how behaviors are acquired. Perfect for students studying psychological principles in Unit 05.
