Questions and Answers
A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience is known as?
learning
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
In classical conditioning, the _______ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus.
unconditioned response
When Ken hears someone snapping their fingers, his heart begins to race. This is an example of ________ conditioning, and finger snapping is the _________.
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This is an example of _________ conditioning.
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What is the term for when a person responds similarly to different but related stimuli?
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Lois will most likely use ________, and Peter will most likely use _________.
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Which learning principle explains why Chris makes goofy faces to stop Jacob from crying?
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What reinforcement schedule is being utilized by Russell's mom?
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What is Herbert experiencing when he stops responding to stimuli regardless of the outcome?
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Cinderella's set of characteristic features for her potential husband is called a _________ concept, and Prince Charming is a ________.
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At what age is Gabriel most likely speaking in words like 'Daddy!' and 'Car'?
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By what age do children acquire most grammar in the language spoken in their environments?
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What cognitive bias is displayed when people overestimate the frequency of tornadoes compared to asthma deaths?
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Carmela exemplifies ________ bias by noticing only what Lian does wrong.
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What is Anwar demonstrating when he changes into warmer clothing based on the sunny weather?
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Study Notes
Learning and Conditioning
- Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.
- Operant conditioning suggests behavior is influenced by reinforcements (rewards) and punishments.
- In classical conditioning, an unconditioned response is an unlearned reaction to a stimulus, such as sneezing in response to pollen.
Classical and Operant Conditioning Examples
- Ken experiences classical conditioning when his heart races at the sound of finger snapping, which has become a conditioned stimulus due to previous pairing with kisses from Barbie.
- Tadd's reading of Jane Austen and subsequent date with Tara is an example of operant conditioning, as his behavior (reading) was reinforced by a positive outcome (date).
Conditioning Concepts
- Sandrine demonstrates stimulus generalization by cringing at lightning due to its association with thunder.
- Lois encourages desirable behavior in Brian through reinforcers, while Peter discourages unwanted behavior through punishment.
Reinforcement Principles
- Chris uses negative reinforcement when making goofy faces to stop his son Jacob's crying, leading him to repeat the behavior.
- Russell's mom uses a variable-interval reinforcement schedule, providing unpredictable treats to encourage studying.
Learned Behaviors
- Herbert experiences learned helplessness when he is unable to influence his environment despite having opportunities to do so.
- Cinderella’s mental representation of her ideal husband exhibits a natural concept, with Prince Charming serving as the prototype.
Language Development
- A child like Gabriel, who says simple words like "Daddy" and "Car," is typically twelve to fifteen months old.
- Children usually acquire most grammar rules of their native language by the age of five.
Cognitive Biases
- The availability heuristic explains the misconception that tornadoes cause more deaths than asthma, as vivid reports lead to skewed judgments.
- Confirmation bias occurs when an individual selectively notices negative aspects while ignoring the overall positive qualities of someone's work, as seen with Carmela and her assistant Lian.
Adaptation to Environment
- Anwar exemplifies adaptability when he changes his clothing in response to a mismatch between his expectations of cold weather and the actual warm conditions outside.
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Description
Prepare for your Psychology final with this quiz focusing on key concepts such as learning, operant conditioning, and classical conditioning. Test your understanding and solidify your knowledge of how behavior is influenced by experience and external consequences.
