Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of sensory memory?
What is the primary function of sensory memory?
According to Bowlby's Theory, what is the primary function of attachment?
According to Bowlby's Theory, what is the primary function of attachment?
What is the primary factor that influences the quality of attachment, according to research?
What is the primary factor that influences the quality of attachment, according to research?
What is the primary difference between conformity and obedience?
What is the primary difference between conformity and obedience?
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What is the primary characteristic of internalization, as a type of social influence?
What is the primary characteristic of internalization, as a type of social influence?
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What is the primary criterion for defining abnormality, according to the statistical infrequency model?
What is the primary criterion for defining abnormality, according to the statistical infrequency model?
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What is the primary focus of the cognitive model of abnormality?
What is the primary focus of the cognitive model of abnormality?
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What is the primary characteristic of phobias, as a type of anxiety disorder?
What is the primary characteristic of phobias, as a type of anxiety disorder?
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What is the primary difference between working memory and short-term memory?
What is the primary difference between working memory and short-term memory?
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What is the primary stage of attachment, characterized by the child's preference for the primary caregiver?
What is the primary stage of attachment, characterized by the child's preference for the primary caregiver?
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Study Notes
Memory
Types of Memory:
- Sensory Memory: brief storage of sensory information (iconic, echoic, and haptic)
- Short-Term Memory (STM): limited capacity, information held for a short period (~30 seconds)
- Long-Term Memory (LTM): permanent storage of information, can hold vast amounts of data
Models of Memory:
- Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: multi-store model, information flows from sensory to STM to LTM
- Working Memory Model: active processing of information in STM, involves rehearsal and encoding
Factors Affecting Memory:
- Encoding: process of transferring information into memory (e.g., semantic, acoustic, or visual)
- Retention: storage of information in memory
- Retrieval: accessing stored information from memory
- Interference: competing information can disrupt memory (proactive, retroactive, or output)
- Emotion: emotional arousal can enhance memory (flashbulb memories)
Attachment
Types of Attachment:
- Secure Attachment: child feels safe and comfortable with caregiver, explores environment freely
- Insecure Attachment: anxious, avoidant, or disorganized attachment styles
- Bowlby's Theory: attachment is an evolved mechanism for survival, caregiver provides safety and comfort
Stages of Attachment:
- Pre-attachment (0-3 months): child responds to caregivers but does not differentiate
- Attachment-in-the-making (4-6 months): child begins to show preference for primary caregiver
- Clear-cut Attachment (7-12 months): child shows clear attachment to primary caregiver
Factors Affecting Attachment:
- Sensitive Responsiveness: caregiver's responsiveness to child's needs influences attachment
- Temperament: child's innate personality traits can affect attachment style
- Caregiver-Child Interaction: quality of interaction affects attachment security
Social Influence
Types of Social Influence:
- Conformity: changing behavior to fit in with group norms
- Obedience: following orders or instructions from an authority figure
- Compliance: yielding to social pressure or persuasion
- Internalization: adopting attitudes or beliefs due to social influence
Factors Affecting Social Influence:
- Group Size: larger groups can lead to greater conformity
- Unanimity: agreement among group members increases social influence
- Anonymity: reduced accountability can lead to increased conformity
- Authority: perceived authority figures can exert greater social influence
Psychopathology
Defining Abnormality:
- Statistical Infrequency: behavior deviates from the norm
- Deviation from Social Norms: behavior violates cultural or societal norms
- Failure to Function: behavior interferes with daily life or relationships
- Distress: behavior causes significant emotional distress
Models of Abnormality:
- Biological Model: abnormal behavior due to genetic or physiological factors
- Behavioral Model: abnormal behavior due to learned behavior or environmental factors
- Cognitive Model: abnormal behavior due to faulty or maladaptive thinking patterns
- Humanistic Model: abnormal behavior due to unmet psychological needs or low self-esteem
Anxiety Disorders:
- Phobias: irrational fears of specific objects or situations
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder: excessive and persistent worry
- Panic Disorder: recurring panic attacks with intense fear or discomfort
Memory
- Sensory memory stores sensory information briefly, including iconic (visual), echoic (auditory), and haptic (tactile) information.
- Short-term memory (STM) has limited capacity and holds information for a short period of around 30 seconds.
- Long-term memory (LTM) provides permanent storage of information and can hold vast amounts of data.
Models of Memory
- The Atkinson-Shiffrin model is a multi-store model, where information flows from sensory memory to STM to LTM.
- The working memory model involves active processing of information in STM, including rehearsal and encoding.
Factors Affecting Memory
- Encoding is the process of transferring information into memory, which can occur through semantic, acoustic, or visual means.
- Retention refers to the storage of information in memory.
- Retrieval involves accessing stored information from memory.
- Interference occurs when competing information disrupts memory, and can be proactive, retroactive, or output.
- Emotional arousal can enhance memory, leading to flashbulb memories.
Attachment
- Secure attachment is characterized by a child feeling safe and comfortable with their caregiver, exploring their environment freely.
- Insecure attachment can manifest as anxious, avoidant, or disorganized attachment styles.
- Bowlby's theory suggests that attachment is an evolved mechanism for survival, with caregivers providing safety and comfort.
Stages of Attachment
- During pre-attachment (0-3 months), the child responds to caregivers but does not differentiate.
- Attachment-in-the-making (4-6 months) involves the child beginning to show a preference for their primary caregiver.
- Clear-cut attachment (7-12 months) is characterized by the child showing a clear attachment to their primary caregiver.
Factors Affecting Attachment
- Sensitive responsiveness from caregivers influences attachment.
- A child's innate personality traits, or temperament, can affect their attachment style.
- The quality of caregiver-child interaction affects attachment security.
Social Influence
- Conformity involves changing behavior to fit in with group norms.
- Obedience involves following orders or instructions from an authority figure.
- Compliance involves yielding to social pressure or persuasion.
- Internalization involves adopting attitudes or beliefs due to social influence.
Factors Affecting Social Influence
- Group size can impact conformity, with larger groups leading to greater conformity.
- Unanimity among group members increases social influence.
- Anonymity can lead to increased conformity due to reduced accountability.
- Perceived authority figures can exert greater social influence.
Psychopathology
- Abnormality can be defined in terms of statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, failure to function, or distress.
- The biological model suggests that abnormal behavior is due to genetic or physiological factors.
- The behavioral model suggests that abnormal behavior is due to learned behavior or environmental factors.
- The cognitive model suggests that abnormal behavior is due to faulty or maladaptive thinking patterns.
- The humanistic model suggests that abnormal behavior is due to unmet psychological needs or low self-esteem.
Anxiety Disorders
- Phobias involve irrational fears of specific objects or situations.
- Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive and persistent worry.
- Panic disorder involves recurring panic attacks with intense fear or discomfort.
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Description
Test your knowledge of different types of memory, including sensory, short-term, and long-term memory, as well as models of memory like Atkinson-Shiffrin and Working Memory.
