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Questions and Answers
What primary function does the ego serve in Freud's theory of personality?
What primary function does the ego serve in Freud's theory of personality?
At what age does the superego, or conscience, begin to develop according to Freud?
At what age does the superego, or conscience, begin to develop according to Freud?
Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is the final stage proposed by Freud?
Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is the final stage proposed by Freud?
What is the focus of Erikson's stage of basic trust vs mistrust?
What is the focus of Erikson's stage of basic trust vs mistrust?
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How does Erikson view human development compared to Freud's view?
How does Erikson view human development compared to Freud's view?
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What ability is characterized by recognizing that a quantity remains constant despite changes in shape or position?
What ability is characterized by recognizing that a quantity remains constant despite changes in shape or position?
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At what age range does the concrete operational stage occur, where children can perform mental operations?
At what age range does the concrete operational stage occur, where children can perform mental operations?
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Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behaviors?
Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behaviors?
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Which concept is primarily associated with achieving a state of personal fulfillment and self-worth?
Which concept is primarily associated with achieving a state of personal fulfillment and self-worth?
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What cognitive ability is developed in the formal operational stage, typically occurring between ages 11 and 15?
What cognitive ability is developed in the formal operational stage, typically occurring between ages 11 and 15?
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What does the id primarily seek according to Freud's theory?
What does the id primarily seek according to Freud's theory?
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Which aspect of the mind contains thoughts and memories that are not currently accessible but can be retrieved easily?
Which aspect of the mind contains thoughts and memories that are not currently accessible but can be retrieved easily?
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Which of the following approaches is NOT one of the theoretical perspectives in psychology mentioned?
Which of the following approaches is NOT one of the theoretical perspectives in psychology mentioned?
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According to psychoanalytic theory, which serves to keep certain memories from reaching conscious awareness?
According to psychoanalytic theory, which serves to keep certain memories from reaching conscious awareness?
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What is the primary role of the superego in Freud's theory of personality?
What is the primary role of the superego in Freud's theory of personality?
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Which part of personality is described as inborn and basic, operating on the pleasure principle?
Which part of personality is described as inborn and basic, operating on the pleasure principle?
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What influences behavior according to the psychoanalytic theory?
What influences behavior according to the psychoanalytic theory?
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What is the focus of the psychodynamic approach in psychology?
What is the focus of the psychodynamic approach in psychology?
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What is the primary focus of the Trust vs. Mistrust stage in Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?
What is the primary focus of the Trust vs. Mistrust stage in Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?
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At what ages do children typically experience the Initiative vs. Guilt stage according to Erikson?
At what ages do children typically experience the Initiative vs. Guilt stage according to Erikson?
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Which cognitive function is NOT part of the two cognitive functions proposed by Piaget?
Which cognitive function is NOT part of the two cognitive functions proposed by Piaget?
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What indicates that an infant has developed object permanence during the Sensorimotor stage?
What indicates that an infant has developed object permanence during the Sensorimotor stage?
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What characterizes the Preoperational stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?
What characterizes the Preoperational stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?
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In which stage of Erikson's theory does a person develop a coherent sense of self?
In which stage of Erikson's theory does a person develop a coherent sense of self?
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Which characteristic is associated with the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
Which characteristic is associated with the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
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What cognitive skill typically develops first according to Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
What cognitive skill typically develops first according to Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
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What does Abraham Maslow suggest about personality development?
What does Abraham Maslow suggest about personality development?
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In Kohlberg's theory, what is a characteristic of Preconventional Morality?
In Kohlberg's theory, what is a characteristic of Preconventional Morality?
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How does Carl Rogers view the relationship between self-perception and external presentation?
How does Carl Rogers view the relationship between self-perception and external presentation?
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According to Kohlberg's Postconventional Morality, moral judgments are based on:
According to Kohlberg's Postconventional Morality, moral judgments are based on:
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What aspect of behavior does Roger Sperry focus on in his studies?
What aspect of behavior does Roger Sperry focus on in his studies?
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Study Notes
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Behavior is influenced by unconscious biological instincts or drives.
- Behavior is also influenced by unconscious memories hidden from awareness by defense mechanisms.
- Our level of awareness is divided into 3 parts: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious.
- The conscious is what we're aware of at any given moment.
- The preconscious contains material just below the surface that can be easily recalled.
- The unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires hidden from conscious awareness but exerts strong influence on our behavior.
- Psychic energy flows through three parts of personality: the id, ego, and superego.
The Id
- The id is made up of basic, inborn biological drives and instincts.
- Guided by the "pleasure principle" that demands immediate gratification.
- The id engages in primary-process thinking which is primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy-oriented.
The Ego
- The ego mediates between the demands of the id and the environment's demands
- Operates on the "reality principle" by considering social realities to guide behaviour.
- Once fully developed, the ego controls the id and guides logical thinking and learning.
The Superego
- The Superego, or conscience, develops around age 7.
- It judges actions based on right and wrong.
- Ensures that the ego's actions are socially and morally correct.
Freud's Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development
- Freud proposed five stages of psychosexual development with specific behaviors learned in each stage.
- The Oral Stage involves learning through the mouth, such as sucking and biting.
- The Anal Stage involves learning about bowel control and toilet training.
- The Phallic Stage involves children exploring their genitals and developing a sense of gender identity.
- The Latent Stage sees a period of sexual dormancy, allowing focus on social and academic skills.
- The Genital Stage involves the onset of sexual maturity and interest in romantic relationships.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
- Erikson believed that human development is influenced by both childhood and adult experiences.
- He described eight stages of the life cycle, each highlighting a critical period for social goal achievement.
- Failure to achieve a specific goal at a specific age can lead to difficulty in achieving it later in life.
- Erikson's stages highlight the development of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and ego integrity.
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
- This stage focuses on an infant's ability to trust others and believe in trustworthiness.
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- This stage focuses on a child's ability to develop self-control and a sense of independence.
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
- This stage focuses on a child's ability to develop a realistic sense of purpose and the motivation to take initiative.
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
- This stage focuses on a child's ability to realize their competence, develop skills, and find a sense of accomplishment.
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
- This stage focuses on an adolescent's ability to develop a coherent sense of self, understand their identity, and develop a sense of self-confidence.
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
- This stage focuses on a young adult's capacity for love and the ability to commit to a partnership.
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
- This stage focuses on an adult's ability to be creative, productive, and contribute to society.
Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
- This stage focuses on an elderly person's ability to accept their life's worth and uniqueness, finding meaning in their lived experiences.
Cognitive Development
- Refers to how individuals perceive, think, and gain knowledge through the interaction of genetic and learned factors.
- Cognitive processes involve language, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making.
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
- Piaget believed that children are born with two cognitive functions: organizational ability and adaptive ability.
- These abilities help children learn about the world through their interactions with people and objects.
- He proposed four stages of cognitive development: the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage.
Sensorimotor Stage
- This stage, from birth to 2 years, involves the infant transitioning from reflexive actions to learned, intentional actions.
- Children develop object permanence, understanding that objects still exist even when they are not visible.
Preoperational Stage
- This stage, from 2 to 7 years, sees children representing the world through words and images.
- Children in this stage exhibit egocentricism, an inability to perceive reality from another person's viewpoint.
Concrete Operational Stage
- This stage, from 7 to 11 years, sees children develop mental operations and the ability to think logically about concrete events and objects.
- They develop the concept of conservation, understanding that the quantity, weight, or volume of something remains the same despite changes in its shape, length, or position.
- Memory improves during this stage, and children begin to use categorizations and principles.
Formal Operational Stage
- This stage, from 11 to 15 years, sees children develop abstract, logical thinking and the ability to engage in formal problem-solving skills.
- It represents the attainment of full adult intellectual ability.
Behaviourist Theory
- Developed primarily by B.F. Skinner and John Watson.
- Emphasizes the influence of the environment on our behavior.
- This includes factors like parents, community, peers, and so on.
- Our behavior stems from observing patterns in our environment.
- We learn through imitation, modeling, and mimicking what we see.
- Behavior can be strengthened or weakened through positive or negative reinforcement.
Humanistic Theory
- Developed primarily by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
- Emphasizes individual free will and self-actualization.
- We make choices that shape who we are.
- We strive for a sense of self-worth and fulfillment, and this need motivates our choices.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Maslow believed that our personalities gradually develop toward self-actualization.
- He proposed a hierarchy of needs showing that fundamental physiological needs must be met before individuals can pursue higher-level needs like self-esteem and self-actualization.
Carl Rogers' Theory
- Rogers believed our internal experience of ourselves might differ from how we present ourselves to others.
Moral Thought
- Individuals exhibit different types of moral thoughts and beliefs at various stages of their lives.
- Moral judgments are the ability to understand moral concepts.
- Moral behavior is the actual behavior of an individual, regardless of whether it aligns with their moral judgments.
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
- Kohlberg proposed a three-stage theory of moral development.
Preconventional Morality
- Moral judgments are based on external consequences and authority.
Conventional Morality
- Moral judgments are based on fulfilling the expectations of others, following rules, and adhering to group norms.
Postconventional Morality
- Moral judgments are based on personal adherence to principles perceived as valid by the individual, regardless of external authority.
Neurobiological Theory
- Developed by Roger Sperry.
- Focuses on how the brain and nervous system are involved in behavior in terms of bodily structure.
- Seeks to explain an organism's functioning from a physiological perspective.
- Looks to the body/mind connection to explain behavior.
- Considers how medications can alter behavior.
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Description
Explore the foundational principles of Psychoanalytic Theory, including the roles of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind. Learn about the id, ego, and superego, and how they influence behavior through psychic energy and drives. This quiz will test your understanding of these key concepts in psychology.
