Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does heritability (h) approximately measure in behavioral genetics?
What does heritability (h) approximately measure in behavioral genetics?
- The genetic contribution to variation in traits (correct)
- The influence of environmental factors on traits
- The role of peer groups in personality development
- The extent of shared environment effects
In the Minnesota Study of Identical Twins, what trait showed low correlation among twins raised apart?
In the Minnesota Study of Identical Twins, what trait showed low correlation among twins raised apart?
- Intelligence quotient (IQ)
- Hobbies and interests
- Emotional closeness/intimacy (correct)
- Physical appearance
Which of the following is considered a major ego defense mechanism according to Freud?
Which of the following is considered a major ego defense mechanism according to Freud?
- Repression (correct)
- Projection
- Rationalization
- Suppression
Which term refers to Freud's concept of the conflict between the id, ego, and superego?
Which term refers to Freud's concept of the conflict between the id, ego, and superego?
What is the primary difference between secure and insecure attachment styles in Bowlby's theory?
What is the primary difference between secure and insecure attachment styles in Bowlby's theory?
What is the essence of Jung’s psychoanalytic concept of the collective unconscious?
What is the essence of Jung’s psychoanalytic concept of the collective unconscious?
What was a critique of Freud according to modern psychologists?
What was a critique of Freud according to modern psychologists?
What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator derive its classifications from in Jung’s model?
What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator derive its classifications from in Jung’s model?
Flashcards
Heritability (h)
Heritability (h)
The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is due to genetic factors.
Twin Studies
Twin Studies
Studies comparing identical twins raised together and apart to determine the relative contributions of genes and environment to traits.
Minnesota Study of Identical Twins
Minnesota Study of Identical Twins
A longitudinal study that examined the similarities and differences between identical twins raised apart, finding high correlations for IQ but low correlations for emotional closeness.
Id
Id
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Repression
Repression
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Projection
Projection
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Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
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Fearful-Avoidant Attachment
Fearful-Avoidant Attachment
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Study Notes
Behavioral Genetics
- Heritability (h) is a measure of the proportion of variance in a trait attributable to genetic factors.
- Twin and adoption studies are crucial for understanding the role of genes in behavior.
- The Minnesota Study of Identical Twins demonstrates high correlation in traits like IQ for twins raised apart, but low correlation for emotional closeness.
- The Jim Twins case exemplifies the significant contribution of genetics.
- Heritability of personality traits is approximately 0.50.
- Shared environment has a minimal impact, while unique environment (e.g., peers) plays a greater role.
Psychoanalytic Model
- Sigmund Freud was a neurologist, initially studying hypnosis and developing the "talking cure."
- Psychoanalytic theory posits a conscious and unconscious mind.
- The id comprises libido (life instinct) and thanatos (death instinct).
- The ego mediates between the id and the external world.
- The superego represents internalized societal standards.
- Intrapsychic conflict arises from these opposing forces.
- Ego strength influences vulnerability to neurosis and psychosis.
- Ego defense mechanisms (e.g., repression, suppression, projection) protect the ego.
- Fixation leads to specific personality traits.
- Freudian psychoanalysis aims for insight and catharsis.
- Transference is a critical aspect of the therapeutic relationship.
- Freud's legacy includes pioneering personality theory and psychotherapy.
- Criticisms include lack of parsimony and scientific rigor, plus feminist critiques (e.g., Karen Horney).
- Modern interpretations and approaches exist.
Psychodynamic: Jung
- Jung had a close relationship with Freud that later fractured.
- Jung proposed the concept of a collective unconscious.
- Archetypes (e.g., the Shadow, the Persona) are universal patterns of thought and behavior.
- Jung explored synchronicity, a concept related to "coincidences."
- The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) originates from Jungian personality theory with four dimensions.
Psychodynamic: Attachment Theory
- Bowlby developed attachment theory.
- Attachment styles categorize individuals as secure or insecure.
- Ainsworth's Strange Situation test assesses attachment.
- Insecure attachment encompasses anxious-ambivalent, fearful-avoidant, and dismissive-avoidant styles.
- Adult attachment styles have implications for romantic relationships.
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