Psychology Theories Overview

A series of steps that cause changes in a person's thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most research studies in psychology are conducted with participants from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand how people explain the causes of behavior, both their own and others. It explores how people interpret the reasons behind events and actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive norms describe what people typically do, while injunctive norms specify what people believe should be done.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hypothetical or theoretical variable that cannot be directly observed, but is inferred from a set of measurable behaviors or indicators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By defining it in terms of observable and measurable behaviors or indicators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extent to which a researcher can confidently conclude that the observed changes in a dependent variable are caused by the independent variable, and not by other factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A measure of how well the findings of an experiment can be applied to real-world situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By measuring how individuals perceive the behaviors or actions of others within a particular group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An uncontrolled variable that systematically varies with the independent variable, making it difficult to determine whether the independent variable is the true cause of the observed effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs when participants in a control group become discouraged after realizing they are not receiving the treatment, leading to reduced effort or motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs when participants in different conditions interact and share information, causing the control group to unintentionally adopt elements of the treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs when a researcher's expectations unintentionally influence the study's results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They occur when participants guess the purpose of a study and change their behavior accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They occur when external events that happened during a study influence the results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generalizability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random sampling is a method where every individual in a population has an equal chance of being selected for a study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random assignment involves randomly assigning participants to different treatment or control groups in an experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Purposive sampling involves selecting participants based on specific characteristics or expertise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nudges, reminders, and power poses are examples of light-touch interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal interventions focus on individual-level changes, while programmatic interventions target group or community-level changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conduct an experiment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adequate funding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traditional economics assumes rational decision-making, perfect self-control, and the ability to make optimal choices when given full information. It also assumes that more options lead to better decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behavioral economics acknowledges that people are influenced by biases and emotions, experience limitations with self-control, and may make suboptimal choices due to mental shortcuts and cognitive biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social conformity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reciprocity, scarcity, authority, consistency, liking, consensus, and unity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying existing social norms, choosing a target behavior, defining the target audience, and evaluating barriers and benefits to changing the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Place, price, product, and promotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nudges can utilize reciprocity by offering incentives, scarcity by highlighting limited-time offers, authority by using expert endorsements, and consistency by encouraging public commitments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A precise tool or exercise that targets a specific psychological process in a real-world setting to promote change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The availability of a control group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe, predict, identify cause-effect, and explain mechanisms in psychology.

Underlying processes that explain how social behaviors occur, involving cognitive factors and norms.

Series of steps causing changes in thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.

Explains how individuals perceive the causes of behavior, influencing their self-assessment.

Extent to which a causal claim can be made about the relationship between variables.

Degree to which study results can be applied to other situations, people, or groups.

Validity of operationalization; does it accurately measure the concept?

An uncontrolled variable that systematically varies with the independent variable, complicating causal inferences.

Method of gathering non-numerical data to understand beliefs and motivations.

Measures numerical data for patterns and relationships using surveys and statistics.

Ensures every individual in a population has an equal chance of selection.

Participants are randomly placed in treatment or control groups to improve internal validity.

Small, low-cost changes to encourage behavior change, preserving individual choice.

Large structural changes aiming to significantly alter behavior and create systemic change.

People are more likely to act if they feel they receive something in return.

People value things more when they are perceived as scarce or limited.

External events during a study that influence results, complicating causal conclusions.

When participants guess a study’s purpose and change their behavior accordingly.

Studies that observe behavior without testing hypotheses or causation.

Consideration of practical aspects like budget, staffing, and ethics in conducting experiments.

Difficulties in balancing participant safety with experimental needs.

Identify the problem, find a solution, set goals, implement, and evaluate.

An assessment of whether a program achieved its intended effects or goals.

Study of how psychological factors influence economic decisions and behaviors.

Promoting behaviors based on existing social norms to encourage change.

Encourage people to make commitments in advance to promote follow-through.

Information showing how behaviors are changing over time, impacting actions.

Interventions based on psychological theory that aim for specific change processes.

Personal and programmatic changes aimed at improving behavior or social issues.