Questions and Answers
Give an example of classical conditioning that illustrates acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination.
When a person receives ice cream, they salivate (acquisition). If only the bowl is brought without food, salivation stops (extinction). If the bowl is brought back with food, salivation begins again (spontaneous recovery). If a larger bowl is brought, the human still salivates (stimulus generalization), but a plate brings no response (stimulus discrimination).
Identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response in the classical conditioning example.
Unconditioned stimulus: ice cream; Unconditioned response: salivation; Conditioned stimulus: glass ice cream bowl; Conditioned response: salivation.
What is the distinction between reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement increases the probability of behavior, while punishment decreases it.
Give an example that shows the use of a positive reinforcer.
Signup and view all the answers
Provide an example that shows the use of a negative reinforcer.
Signup and view all the answers
Give an example that shows the use of positive punishment.
Signup and view all the answers
Provide an example that shows the use of negative punishment.
Signup and view all the answers
What is associated in classical conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is associated in operant conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the distinction between a primary reinforcer and a secondary reinforcer?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the four basic schedules of reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
When does reinforcement occur in fixed ratio schedules?
Signup and view all the answers
When does reinforcement occur in variable ratio schedules?
Signup and view all the answers
Which schedules of reinforcement produce the highest rates of response?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it important to understand schedules of reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
Give an example of operant conditioning.
Signup and view all the answers
Provide an example of extinction in operant conditioning.
Signup and view all the answers
Give an example of shaping with respect to operant conditioning.
Signup and view all the answers
Provide an example of stimulus control.
Signup and view all the answers
Name three problems with the use of punishment.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning involves learning through the association of stimuli, with key processes including acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination.
- Example: Salivation occurs when a person sees an ice cream bowl (acquisition), but stops if the bowl is presented without ice cream (extinction). When the bowl is presented with ice cream again, salivation resumes (spontaneous recovery). A larger bowl also elicits salivation (stimulus generalization), while a different object like a plate does not elicit a response (stimulus discrimination).
Components of Classical Conditioning
- Unconditioned Stimulus: Ice cream
- Unconditioned Response: Salivation to ice cream
- Conditioned Stimulus: Ice cream bowl
- Conditioned Response: Salivation to the bowl
Reinforcement vs. Punishment
- Reinforcement: Increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
- Punishment: Decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Positive Reinforcement Example
- Paying a person for completing a task, such as painting a house.
Negative Reinforcement Example
- Using a seatbelt to eliminate the annoying beeping sound in a car.
Positive Punishment Example
- Spraying water on a dog to stop unwanted barking.
Negative Punishment Example
- Revoking driving privileges from a teenager for misbehavior.
Associative Learning
- Classical conditioning associates two stimuli, while operant conditioning links a response with its consequences.
Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers
- Primary Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus satisfying biological needs, such as food.
- Secondary Reinforcer: A stimulus that gains reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer, like a light signaling food availability.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Four basic schedules: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval.
Reinforcement Timing
- Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement after a set number of behaviors.
- Variable Ratio: Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of behaviors, averaging out over time.
- Fixed Interval: Reinforcement after a set period, responding resumes after the interval.
- Variable Interval: Reinforcement after varying time intervals, responding occurs after the interval.
Response Rates
- Fixed ratio and variable ratio schedules yield the highest rates of response.
Importance of Schedules
- Understanding reinforcement schedules helps determine how frequently behaviors are reinforced, influencing behavior patterns.
Operant Conditioning Example
- Saying "please" leads to receiving a cookie, reinforcing polite behavior.
Extinction in Operant Conditioning
- When reinforcement ceases, behaviors diminish; for instance, a rat stops pressing a bar if food is no longer provided.
Shaping Behavior
- A child's whining leads to a parent giving in, reinforcing the whining behavior over time.
Stimulus Control Example
- A person's talkative nature with friends but silence in a classroom illustrates how behavior is influenced by the social environment.
Problems with Punishment
- Punishment can lead to discrimination among situations, engender fear, and result in physical harm, negatively affecting behavior.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz focuses on classical conditioning and its major processes, including acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination. Participants will need to provide examples that illustrate these key concepts.