psych quiz 2

A relatively stable pattern of thoughts, behaviors, and feelings that characterize a person.

Personality theories that suggest behavior is a product of psychological forces within, often outside of awareness.

A primal part of the personality that seeks immediate gratification of needs, ignoring consequences.

The part of personality that balances the demands of the id and the realities of the environment, making reasoned decisions.

The part of personality that embodies moral values and standards, often learned from parents and culture.

The part of the mind that contains thoughts and feelings of which we are aware in the present moment.

The part of the mind below conscious awareness that can be brought to consciousness.

The part of the mind that is inaccessible to conscious awareness but can influence thoughts and behavior.

A stable quality that a person displays in most situations.

A psychological categorization of individuals based on consistently occurring traits.

Striving to meet one's full potential.

How you see yourself, shaped by your interactions.

Your actual characteristics and abilities.

Who you want to be.

Innate desire to fulfill potential.

A personality trait characterized by curiosity, imagination, and a willingness to embrace new ideas and experiences.

A personality trait reflecting organization, reliability, and a focus on achieving goals.

A personality trait marked by sociability, outgoingness, and a preference for social situations.

A personality trait characterized by empathy, cooperation, and a desire to help others.

A personality trait marked by anxiety, moodiness, and emotional instability.

The extent to which genetic differences among individuals contribute to variations in a particular trait.

Research comparing identical and fraternal twins to examine the role of genetics in personality development.

Research comparing adopted individuals to their biological and adoptive families to investigate the influence of genetics and environment on personality.

The scientific study of how humans change physically, cognitively, and socially throughout their lifespan.

Children raised in isolation from human contact, often by animals, with limited or no human interaction.

A theory stating that a person's behavior, personal factors (like thoughts and feelings), and the environment all influence each other.

Factors that are common to siblings in a family, like parental values or socioeconomic status.

Experiences unique to each sibling, like different peer groups or personal interests.

Cultures that emphasize personal achievement, independence, and self-reliance.

Cultures that prioritize group harmony, cooperation, and interdependence.

Incorrectly explaining someone's behavior based on their personality rather than cultural influences.

A method where a professional asks a series of questions to assess a person's personality, ranging from unstructured to structured formats.

Tests that present ambiguous stimuli like images or inkblots to elicit responses that reveal underlying personality traits.

The period of life between childhood and adulthood, typically from ages 12-13 to early 20s.

The biological process during adolescence characterized by physical changes, including the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Piaget's cognitive development stage in adolescence, where individuals become capable of abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning.

A cognitive bias during adolescence where individuals focus excessively on their own thoughts and feelings, often believing they are more important to others.

The stage of psychosocial development during adolescence, focusing on identity vs. role confusion. Individuals try to figure out who they are and their place in the world.

The process of learning and developing principles about right and wrong, influenced by personal experiences and social expectations.

A framework for understanding how moral reasoning evolves across the lifespan, divided into pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional levels.

The first level of Kohlberg's moral development, where individuals focus on avoiding punishment or seeking rewards for their actions.

The second level of Kohlberg's moral development, where individuals conform to social norms and expectations for approval.

The highest level of Kohlberg's moral development, where individuals develop their own internal moral principles and act based on a sense of justice and fairness.

This theory suggests that cells have a limited number of times they can reproduce to repair damage, leading to aging. It's like a cell's internal clock ticking down.

This theory states that repeated use and abuse of organs and cell tissues lead to wear and tear, causing them to deteriorate over time.

This theory proposes that unstable oxygen molecules (free radicals) damage DNA and other cellular structures, accelerating the aging process.

This theory explains that aging reduces the body's ability to cope with stress, resulting in prolonged stress hormone levels, contributing to aging.

This theory emphasizes that staying physically and mentally active, along with social interactions, promotes optimal aging.

The first stage of grief, denial acts as a protective mechanism by shielding individuals from the overwhelming intensity of loss. It slowly diminishes as the impact is acknowledged.

The second stage of grief, anger can result from feelings of abandonment, leading to guilt after the anger is acknowledged. It may hinder the healing process if not resolved.

The third stage of grief, bargaining involves dwelling on what could have prevented the loss, possibly hampering the healing process if not resolved.

A strong desire to excel, achieve set standards, and strive for success. It's about consistently pushing yourself to do better.

A deep desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships. It's about the need for connection, belonging, and feeling loved.

The need to influence others and have a significant impact on their behavior. It's about controlling situations and having authority.

A belief that abilities and intelligence are inherent and unchangeable. People with a fixed mindset see challenges as threats and criticism as personal attacks.

The belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort and learning. People with a changeable mindset embrace challenges as opportunities for growth.

The internal force that drives our behavior towards a goal, stemming from needs or wants.

Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal satisfaction and enjoyment, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards like praise or money.

A theory suggesting that motivation arises from a desire to reduce tension caused by unmet physiological needs.

Needs are a lack of something necessary, while drives are the internal states of arousal that result from these needs.

Primary drives are innate and biological (e.g., hunger, thirst), while secondary drives are learned and psychological (e.g., desire for wealth).

This theory proposes that external rewards (incentives) motivate behavior by providing a positive outcome for fulfilling a need.

The natural tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment, like regulating body temperature or blood sugar.

This theory emphasizes individual self-actualization and the pursuit of personal growth as key motivational factors.

Physiological hunger involves signals from the stomach and hormones, while psychological hunger can be influenced by factors like stress or learned eating habits.

A complex state involving physiological arousal, subjective feelings, expressive behaviors, and cognitive appraisals.

This law describes the relationship between arousal and performance. It states that moderate levels of arousal lead to the best performance, while too low or too high arousal can hinder performance.

The specific level of arousal that leads to the best performance for a particular task. This level varies depending on the difficulty of the task.

This theory presents a pyramid of needs, starting with basic survival and moving up to self-actualization. Each level must be met before moving on to the next.

Hunger is triggered by low glucose levels in the blood, which is the main energy source for the body. This signals a need for more energy.

Hormones, like insulin and glucagon, regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin lowers glucose levels, increasing hunger, while glucagon raises glucose levels, decreasing hunger.

Ghrelin is a hormone produced in the stomach that signals hunger to the brain. It's often referred to as the 'hunger hormone.'

Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that signals fullness and reduces appetite.

The lateral hypothalamus is a part of the brain that stimulates hunger.

The ventromedial hypothalamus is a part of the brain that suppresses hunger.

The weight set point is the weight your body naturally tries to maintain.

BMR is the number of calories your body burns at rest.

A scale that measures the impact of major life changes on stress levels over a year.

A version of the SRRS specifically designed for college students to assess their stress levels from major life events.

A psychological experience caused by urgent demands from an external source, like a deadline.

The degree of control a person has over a stressor. Less control means higher stress.

A psychological experience that occurs when goals are blocked or unattainable.

A psychological experience related to competing and incompatible goals or actions.

Having to choose between two desirable possibilities.

Having to choose between two undesirable possibilities.

Having to choose a goal with both positive and negative aspects.

The physiological reaction of the SNS in response to perceived threats, preparing the body to either fight or flee.

The two pathways of emotion are the 'short route' and the 'long route'. The 'short route' is a fast, direct pathway that goes from the thalamus to the amygdala, bypassing the cortex, and is responsible for quick, automatic emotional responses. The 'long route' is a slower, more complex pathway involving the hippocampus, sensory cortex, and amygdala, and is responsible for conscious, thoughtful emotional processing.

The right hemisphere of the brain is involved in interpreting facial expressions, while the left frontal lobe processes positive emotions and the right frontal lobe processes negative emotions. The lateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex are responsible for regulating emotions, such as distraction and reappraisal.

Display rules, are culturally and socially learned norms that guide how we express emotions, including which emotions to express, how to express them, and when to express them.

Cognitive appraisal is the mental process of evaluating an event or situation and interpreting its meaning for our well-being. It includes retrieving similar past experiences, perceiving context of the event, and assigning a label to the emotion.

The facial feedback theory of emotion suggests that our facial expressions can influence our emotional experiences. It implies that simply making a facial expression can trigger the corresponding emotion.

A state of well-being characterized by the ability to realize potential, cope with stress, work productively, and contribute to society.

The scientific study of mental disorders, examining their origins, development, and manifestations.

A broad range of mental health conditions characterized by psychological dysfunction and abnormal behavior.

The belief that mental illness originates from physical causes.

Ancient theory that mental illness is caused by an imbalance of four bodily fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.

Belief that mental illness is caused by demonic possession or supernatural forces.

A humane approach to mental illness emphasizing respectful treatment, social interaction, and activities aimed at restoring dignity and self-worth.

Deviance from the norm in terms of behavior, thought, or emotion that is often considered dysfunctional or distressing.

A multi-faceted understanding of mental illness that considers biological, psychological, and social factors.

A system for organizing and diagnosing mental disorders based on shared characteristics and symptoms.

Behavior or thinking that is rare or infrequent compared to the average or majority.

Behavior that violates the rules, customs, or expectations of a society or culture.

Emotional distress or unhappiness that significantly impacts a person's daily functioning.

A person's difficulty adapting to stressors or meeting the demands of daily life.

Suggests that mental disorders have biological or medical causes.

Explains mental disorders as a result of psychological factors like thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Mental disorders arise from unresolved conflicts, unconscious motivations, and early childhood experiences.

Mental disorders are learned behaviors through conditioning or social learning.

Mental disorders result from irrational thoughts and faulty thinking patterns.

Mental disorders are influenced by family, social, and cultural factors.

A syndrome (collection of symptoms) that significantly disrupts an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior, usually causing distress or disability.

A widely used classification system for mental disorders in the United States.

A classification system for diseases and health conditions used globally by the World Health Organization.

Views mental disorders on a continuum or spectrum, rather than simply present or absent.

A type of psychotherapy focused on changing dysfunctional behaviors and thinking patterns, aiming for practical changes in behavior.

Psychoanalysis, developed by Freud, aims to uncover unconscious conflicts and motivations, while psychodynamic therapy is a modern, shorter-term approach focusing on current relationships and patterns.

A humanistic therapy where the client leads the conversation, with the therapist providing unconditional positive regard, empathy, and authenticity.

A type of therapy that uses learning principles, like classical and operant conditioning, to modify maladaptive behaviors.

A therapy that focuses on changing negative or distorted thinking patterns to improve emotional well-being.

Therapy conducted with a group of people who share similar issues or concerns, allowing for interaction, support, and learning from others.

A type of psychotherapy aiming to help individuals understand the reasons behind their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Techniques used in behavioral therapy that involve associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response.

Techniques used in behavioral therapy that involve changing behaviors by reinforcing desired actions and punishing undesirable ones.

A behavioral technique for treating phobias, involving gradually exposing the individual to anxiety-provoking stimuli while teaching relaxation techniques.

A person-centered, goal-oriented communication method aimed at increasing a person's motivation to change by exploring their ambivalence and resistance.

A therapy that focuses on the whole person and aims to help individuals become more aware of their true feelings and take responsibility for their actions.

In psychoanalysis, the unconscious redirection of feelings and attitudes from one person to another, often from a patient to their therapist.

A mental health disorder characterized by excessive anxiety and worry about various events or activities, lasting for at least 6 months.

A mental health disorder characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety.

A mental health disorder characterized by anxiety and disturbing memories, nightmares, or flashbacks following exposure to a traumatic event, lasting between 3 days and 1 month.

A mental health disorder characterized by similar symptoms to ASD, but lasting for at least one month, and potentially developing months or years after the traumatic event.

Suggests that anxiety arises from repressed urges and desires from the unconscious mind trying to surface.

Explains anxiety as learned responses through conditioning and reinforcement, where certain situations or stimuli become associated with fear.

Suggests that anxiety stems from illogical and irrational thinking patterns, where individuals misinterpret events or sensations, leading to increased anxiety.

Attributes anxiety to imbalances in neurochemicals (like serotonin and GABA), genetic predisposition, and increased activity in brain regions associated with fear and threat processing.

A mood disorder characterized by a pervasive and significantly low mood, lasting at least two weeks, and causing significant impairment in daily functioning.

A mood disorder characterized by at least one manic episode, with or without depressive episodes.

A mood disorder characterized by at least one hypomanic episode (less intense mania) and at least one depressive episode.

Suggests that depression results from repressed anger directed inward towards oneself.

Explains depression as a result of learned helplessness, where individuals learn to believe they have no control over their lives or situations.

Suggests that depression arises from distorted and illogical thinking patterns, such as focusing on negative aspects and blaming oneself for everything.

Attributes depression to imbalances in neurochemicals (like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), genetic predisposition, and hormonal dysregulation.

An eating disorder characterized by severe diet restriction and significantly low body weight, often accompanied by distorted body image and a fear of gaining weight.

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging behaviors, like vomiting or using laxatives, to avoid weight gain.

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging behaviors, often leading to feelings of guilt and shame.

A behavioral therapy technique for overcoming phobias by gradually exposing the individual to the feared stimulus, using relaxation techniques to manage anxiety.

A list of situations or objects related to a phobia, ordered from least to most anxiety-inducing, used in systematic desensitization.

A type of exposure therapy where the individual confronts the feared object or situation directly in real life.

A type of exposure therapy involving vividly imagining the feared object or situation.

A behavioral technique that associates an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., nausea) with an undesired behavior (e.g., smoking) to reduce its frequency.

A behavior modification technique where desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges or items.

A formal agreement between therapist and client (or teacher and student) specifying behavioral goals, rewards, and consequences.

Reducing the frequency of a behavior by removing the reinforcer that was maintaining it.

Irrational or distorted thinking patterns that contribute to negative emotions and mental health issues.

Jumping to conclusions without sufficient evidence.

Seeing a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat.

A therapy that helps clients identify and challenge negative, distorted thoughts and replace them with more realistic and helpful ones.

A therapy that integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques to address both maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.

A highly directive, time-effective therapy that focuses on identifying and challenging irrational beliefs.

A therapy approach that combines elements from different therapy techniques based on the client's needs and the situation.