Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the primary characteristics of a fully functioning person? (Select all that apply).
What are the primary characteristics of a fully functioning person? (Select all that apply).
What is the difference between unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard?
What is the difference between unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard?
According to Carl Rogers' theory, self-actualization is achieved when a person's ideal self and their self-concept are completely aligned.
According to Carl Rogers' theory, self-actualization is achieved when a person's ideal self and their self-concept are completely aligned.
True
Rogers believed that the best way to help someone understand themselves is to provide them with a structured therapy program or to tell them what they should do.
Rogers believed that the best way to help someone understand themselves is to provide them with a structured therapy program or to tell them what they should do.
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What is the basic human motivation that drives self-actualization, as defined by Rogers?
What is the basic human motivation that drives self-actualization, as defined by Rogers?
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What is the term used to describe the discrepancy between an individual's ideal self and their self-concept?
What is the term used to describe the discrepancy between an individual's ideal self and their self-concept?
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What are the two main defense mechanisms that individuals use to cope with incongruent experiences, according to Rogers?
What are the two main defense mechanisms that individuals use to cope with incongruent experiences, according to Rogers?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the main theoretical perspectives described in the presentation?
Which of the following is NOT one of the main theoretical perspectives described in the presentation?
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The Q-sort technique was developed by Carl Rogers in order to assist in assessment of self-concept.
The Q-sort technique was developed by Carl Rogers in order to assist in assessment of self-concept.
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What is the term that describes the belief that we are only worthy of approval for desirable behaviors and attitudes?
What is the term that describes the belief that we are only worthy of approval for desirable behaviors and attitudes?
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What is the name of the therapy approach that Carl Rogers developed, which is based on his theory of person-centered therapy?
What is the name of the therapy approach that Carl Rogers developed, which is based on his theory of person-centered therapy?
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Study Notes
Carl Rogers' Self-Actualization Theory
- Rogers' self-actualization theory emphasizes the individual's subjective experience and the unique qualities of each person. This theory is also known as the phenomenological approach.
- It focuses on the individual's free will and their inherent drive to improve themselves and the world around them.
- The curious paradox according to Rogers is that when a person accepts themselves exactly as they are, then they can change.
Use of PPT Slides
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Use of PPT Slides Continued
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Chapter Outline
- Life of Rogers
- The Self & Tendency toward Actualization
- Experiential World
- Development of Self in Childhood
- Characteristics of Fully Functioning Persons
- Questions About Human Nature
- Assessment in Rogers's Theory
- Research on Rogers's Theory
- Reflections
Theoretical Perspectives
- Psychoanalytic (Freud)
- Neo-psychoanalytic (Horney, Adler)
- Behavioural (Skinner)
- Cognitive (Beck)
- Humanistic (Rogers)
Roger's Theory of Personality
- People are wonderful like sunsets that can be enjoyed as they are.
- Avoid trying to control or change a sunset.
- Instead, simply observe it.
Life of Rogers
- Born in 1902, died in 1987, in the suburbs of Chicago.
- Raised in a strict, religious household.
- Fascinated by science and lived a rural life.
- Studied ministry and child development, focusing on underprivileged children.
- His dedicated career worked to integrate clinical psychology into mainstream activities.
Perceptions
- The reality of our environment is influenced by our perception of it.
Phenomenology
- Subjective experience and internal perception of reality are the only reliable ways of understanding reality.
- Our judgments and behaviors are shaped entirely by our experiences.
The Self & Tendency Toward Actualization
- A basic human motivation involves the maintenance and enhancement of the self.
- This process often involves challenging growth.
- The organismic valuing process involves judging experiences based on their value for our personal development.
Self-Actualization
- Our ability to self-actualize depends on congruence (matching) between our perception of ourselves (self-image) and our ideal self.
Describing Yourself
- Select 5 adjectives that describe you.
Q-Sort Technique
- Part A and Part B provide lists of adjectives to select 5 that best describe you.
- Create a self-image by ranking these descriptions.
- Your ideal self can be created using the same method, and comparing these two lists provides insights into self-congruence.
Self Image vs Ideal Self
- Self Image uses 5 rankings.
- Ideal Self uses 5 rankings.
- Calculate your score, with the closer rating to 30, the greater the congruence between your ideal self and self image.
Carl Rogers' Self Concept
- Self-Image: "I think I'm a good person."
- Ideal Self: "I would like to be a good person."
- Self-Worth: "I feel good about myself!"
Later Behavior (Personality) Prediction
- Self-insight is the most impactful predictor of later behavior.
- Counselors can guide children's self-insights for functional development.
What Matters Most
- How you see yourself is of primary importance.
Companion Video
- For slides 33-45
Self in Childhood
- Positive regard (acceptance, love, and approval from others): Universal and persistent need in childhood.
- Unconditional positive regard: Acceptance and approval regardless of behavior.
- Conditional positive regard: Acceptance and approval is contingent on desirable behaviors.
- Positive self-regard: Accepting oneself even with mistakes.
- Self-actualization and development of the real self depends on positive regard and positive self-regard.
Fully Functioning Person
- Characteristics include self-actualization, developing all facets of the self, and the desired outcome of psychological development.
- Characteristics also include self-awareness (insight), richly living each moment, trusting your own organism (the self), freedom in choicemaking, creativity/constructive living, and the possibility of difficulties.
Questions About Human Nature
- Free will vs. Determinism
- Nature vs. Nurture
- Past vs. Present
- Uniqueness vs. Universality
- Equilibrium vs. Growth
- Optimistic vs. Pessimistic
Assessment
- Person-Centered Therapy: Client is responsible for change, focus on subjective experience.
- Encounter groups: Learning about feelings and relating in a group setting.
- Tests of experience developed by others.
Research
- Focus: client self-report, person-centered therapy; openness to experience; acceptance of self; emotional adjustment
- Self-report techniques such as the Q-sort.
Reflections (Contributions)
- Person-centered therapy is highly popular and accessible.
- Core principles are accepted by various orientations.
- Self-concept is a widely recognized concept of psychology.
Reflections (Criticisms)
- Lack of clarification of mechanisms.
- Criticized for influence outside of the person's perspective.
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