Psychology Research Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the extent to which measures are consistent called?

  • External validity
  • Validity
  • Relevance
  • Inter-rater reliability (correct)

    • Which method involves understanding the unique values and traditions of a specific culture?

  • Observational methods
  • Clinical method
  • Structured interview
  • Ethnography (correct)

    • What is a detailed record of an individual's development called?

  • Naturalistic observation
  • Case study (correct)
  • Diary study
  • Structured observation

    • Which method is known for potentially lacking honesty and accuracy when used with young children?

    <p>Self-report methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first scientific attempt to record infant development known as?

    <p>Baby diaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves recording parental psychophysiological states?

    <p>Psychophysiological methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between true experiments and quasi-experiments?

    <p>True experiments use random assignment, while quasi-experiments do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure is used to familiarize infants with a given stimulus via repeated exposures?

    <p>Habituation paradigm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is examined in high amplitude sucking procedure regarding infant's preferences or discrimination abilities?

    <p>Auditory preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment tool evaluates areas such as cognitive, language, motor, adaptive behavior, and socio-emotional development in infants?

    <p>Bayley Scales of Infant Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of conditioned head turning in infants?

    <p>Testing auditory discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of experiment utilizes naturally occurring variables rather than manipulated variables?

    <p>Quasi-experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attention involves the infant being drawn to a stimulus?

    <p>Active attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study is associated with the concept of primary emotions that emerge within the first year after birth?

    <p>Darwin (1872)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Harlow and Harlow's study with monkeys reveal about social and emotional development?

    <p>Monkeys separated from mothers failed social and emotional development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which researcher is associated with the concept of habituation, which is a disinterest in a stimulus after multiple presentations?

    <p>Sokolov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between passive and active attention in infants?

    <p>Passive attention is stimulus-driven, while active attention is driven by interest and association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study highlighted the impact of a mother's absence on infants and their subsequent relationships?

    <p>Wolf and Wolff (1947)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning is based on a learned association between a behavior and a consequence?

    <p>Contingency learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method is used to assess an infant's response to an unresponsive social partner?

    <p>Still-face procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which infants learn new behaviors through observation?

    <p>Imitation learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for learned associations between environmental signals or cues?

    <p>Classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method is used to assess an infant's attachment to a caregiver?

    <p>Strange situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a previously learned behavior is reactivated after extinction?

    <p>Reinstatement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do early studies of social development suggest about infant development?

    <p>Social networks are important for infant development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the nature side of the nature/nurture debate?

    <p>The role of genetic factors on development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method involves observing infants in their natural environment?

    <p>Naturalistic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do early studies of attentional and cognitive development suggest about infants?

    <p>Infants are born with the ability to perceive their environment and have preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the nurture side of the nature/nurture debate?

    <p>The role of environmental influences on development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do self-conscious emotions indicate about infant development?

    <p>Self-conscious emotions are linked to growth in self as a cognitive representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hypothesis and Gathering Data

    • A hypothesis is a theoretical prediction about some aspect of experience.
    • Gathering data involves choosing measures that are relevant, reliable, and valid.
    • Reliability refers to the consistency of measures, while validity refers to the extent to which measures measure what they are intended to measure.
    • Types of gathering data methods include self-report, observational, case studies, and psychophysiological methods.

    Methods of Gathering Data

    • Self-report methods: structured interviews, questionnaires, and diary studies.
    • Strengths: quick and rich data; limitations: may lack honesty and accuracy, and may not be suitable for young children.
    • Observational methods: naturalistic observation, structured observation, and time sampling.
    • Case studies: a detailed record of an individual's development.
    • Ethnography: a method of understanding the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a specific culture or subculture.
    • Psychophysiological methods: heart rate, electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and parental psychophysiological states.

    Experimental Designs

    • Independent variable: manipulated variable; dependent variable: measured variable.
    • Two types of experiments: true experiment (with random assignment) and quasi-experiment (naturally occurring).

    Sensory Capabilities

    • Infants' sensory capabilities can be studied using techniques such as tracking, neonatal behavioral assessment scale, preference paradigms, habituation paradigm, and high amplitude sucking.
    • Habituation paradigm: a procedure used to familiarize infants with a given stimulus via repeated exposures.
    • High amplitude sucking: a procedure used to examine infant's preferences or discrimination abilities by making stimulus presentation contingent with infant's sucking on a non-nutritive nipple.

    Cognition and Learning

    • Infants' cognitive abilities can be studied using measures such as Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Mental Development Index, and Psychomotor Development Index.
    • Bayley Scales of Infant Development: assesses cognitive, language, motor, adaptive behavior, and socio-emotional development.
    • Rate of habituation: a measure of infant's cognitive development.

    Early Studies of Infant Development

    • Wolf and Wolff (1947): studied hospitalism and anaclitic depression.
    • Bowlby (1951): developed object relation theory.
    • Provence and Lipton (1962): studied strained caregiving networks in orphanages.
    • Harlow and Harlow (1965): studied the effects of separation from mothers on monkeys.

    Early Studies of Social Development

    • Infants are born into social networks.
    • Mothers' absence can lead to significant loss and contradictory viewpoints.

    Early Studies of Attentional and Cognitive Development

    • William James (1890): studied passive attention and active attention.
    • Robert Fantz (1958, 1964): studied visual perception.
    • Bower (1966): studied training and conditioning of infants.
    • Lewis, Kagan, and colleagues (1963, 1965): studied attentional processes and physiological response.
    • Sokolov (1963): studied habituation.

    Early Studies of Emotional Development

    • Darwin (1872): identified primary emotions and self-conscious emotions.
    • Lewis and Michalson (1983): studied self-awareness using the rouge test.

    Key Issues in Infancy Research

    Cognition and Learning

    • Contingency or operant learning: a learned association between a behavior and a consequence.
    • Imitation: a learned association between a behavior and a consequence.
    • Memory reactivation: a reminder of a previous consequence of a particular behavior.
    • Reinstatement: after extinction, a reactivation of a previously learned behavior from an association between a given consequence and a particular behavior.

    Socio-Emotional Behaviour

    • Mother-child interactions can be coded and studied.
    • Specific behaviors that occur and their order of occurrence can be studied.
    • Still-face procedure: used to assess an infant's response to an unresponsive social partner.

    Socio-Emotional Behaviour

    • Desynchronized interaction.
    • Strange situation: a paradigm used to assess infant's attachment to caregiver.

    Summary

    • Early studies of social development demonstrate the importance of social networks for infant development.
    • Early studies of attentional and cognitive development suggest that infants are born with the ability to perceive their environment and have preferences.
    • Self-conscious emotions are linked to growth in self as a cognitive representation.
    • Infants are active in their own development.
    • The nature side of the nature/nurture debate stresses the role of genetic factors on development, while the nurture side of the debate stresses the role of environmental influences on development.

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    Introduction to Infant Development PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on research methods in psychology, including hypothesis, data gathering, reliability, and validity. Learn about self-report methods like structured interviews and questionnaires.

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