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Questions and Answers
What defines right and wrong in Stage 2 of Kohlberg's Moral Development?
What defines right and wrong in Stage 2 of Kohlberg's Moral Development?
What is the primary focus of Stage 4 in Kohlberg's Moral Development?
What is the primary focus of Stage 4 in Kohlberg's Moral Development?
Which stage focuses on the moral choice being determined by the greatest good for the greatest number?
Which stage focuses on the moral choice being determined by the greatest good for the greatest number?
What does Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development describe?
What does Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development describe?
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Which disability is characterized by difficulty with reading?
Which disability is characterized by difficulty with reading?
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What term describes a disadvantage imposed on individuals due to their disability?
What term describes a disadvantage imposed on individuals due to their disability?
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According to Piaget's theory, the ability to arrange objects in a specific order is known as?
According to Piaget's theory, the ability to arrange objects in a specific order is known as?
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Who is known for establishing the foundation of behaviorism?
Who is known for establishing the foundation of behaviorism?
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What cognitive ability is typically developed in the Concrete Operational Stage?
What cognitive ability is typically developed in the Concrete Operational Stage?
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During which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development do children face the conflict of Initiative vs Guilt?
During which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development do children face the conflict of Initiative vs Guilt?
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At what stage in Kohlberg's moral development do children primarily act to avoid punishment?
At what stage in Kohlberg's moral development do children primarily act to avoid punishment?
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What is a key characteristic of the Formal Operational Stage of cognitive development?
What is a key characteristic of the Formal Operational Stage of cognitive development?
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In Erikson's psychosocial stages, which group of important persons influences a child's development during the Industry vs Inferiority stage?
In Erikson's psychosocial stages, which group of important persons influences a child's development during the Industry vs Inferiority stage?
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What concept is exemplified when a child begins to understand that other people have their own thoughts and feelings?
What concept is exemplified when a child begins to understand that other people have their own thoughts and feelings?
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What is a primary focus of Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development?
What is a primary focus of Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development?
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In what way does thinking in the Preoperational Stage differ from later stages of development?
In what way does thinking in the Preoperational Stage differ from later stages of development?
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What stage of cognitive development is characterized by learning through reflexes, senses, and movement?
What stage of cognitive development is characterized by learning through reflexes, senses, and movement?
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How does Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development differ from independent learning?
How does Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development differ from independent learning?
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What is a key characteristic of the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory?
What is a key characteristic of the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory?
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Which of the following best describes Erikson's psychosocial stage of 'Identity vs. Role Confusion'?
Which of the following best describes Erikson's psychosocial stage of 'Identity vs. Role Confusion'?
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Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development is characterized by understanding and adhering to social contracts?
Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development is characterized by understanding and adhering to social contracts?
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What type of research would primarily focus on interpreting subjective meanings?
What type of research would primarily focus on interpreting subjective meanings?
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Which of the following changes is NOT typically characterized as development?
Which of the following changes is NOT typically characterized as development?
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In which stage of development does Piaget's theory state children learn through symbols and begin to engage in pretend play?
In which stage of development does Piaget's theory state children learn through symbols and begin to engage in pretend play?
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Study Notes
Educational Psychology Study Notes
- Self-esteem is a personal judgment of self-worth, encompassing feelings of pride or shame.
- Self-concept refers to one's perceptions, abilities, attitudes, beliefs, and expectations of oneself.
- Qualitative research employs words, dialogue, events, themes, and images as data, focusing on subjective interpretations. Examples include case studies and ethnographies.
- Quantitative research uses numbers, measurements, and statistics to assess relationships among variables, or differences between groups. Examples include descriptive, correlational, and experimental research.
- IQ score average is 100.
- Development describes changes in humans (or animals) from conception to death. These changes are typically orderly, occurring at various rates, and gradually.
Bloom's Taxonomy
- Knowledge: Remembering information.
- Comprehension: Explaining meanings.
- Application: Using abstractions in concrete situations.
- Analysis: Breaking down into components.
- Synthesis: Combining parts to form a new whole.
- Evaluation: Assessing the highest level.
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Self-actualization: Morality, creativity, spontaneity, acceptance, experience, purpose, meaning, and inner potential.
- Self-esteem: Confidence, achievement, respect of others, and individuality.
- Love and belonging: Friendship, family, intimacy, and connection.
- Safety and security: Health, employment, property, family, and social stability.
- Physiological needs: Breathing, food, water, shelter, clothing, and sleep.
Nature vs Nurture
- Influences on an individual come from heredity (genes) and biological processes, and maturation.
- Environmental factors, including education, parenting, culture, and social policies, also impact development.
Jean Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Stage 1 (Sensorimotor): Ages 0-2 years. Learning occurs through reflexes, senses, and actions. Object permanence emerges.
- Stage 2 (Preoperational): Ages 2-7 years. Development of language and symbolic thinking allows children to represent objects, but thinking is limited by centration and egocentrism.
- Stage 3 (Concrete Operational): Ages 7-11 years. Logical reasoning emerges, including conservation and categorization. Thinking is tied to concrete experiences.
- Stage 4 (Formal Operational): Ages 11+. Hypothetical and abstract thinking emerges, allowing for complex problem-solving.
Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Stage 1 (Infancy): Trust vs. Mistrust. Focus on the caregiver.
- Stage 2 (Early Childhood): Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt. Focuses on independence.
- Stage 3 (Preschool): Initiative vs. Guilt. Focuses on exploration.
- Stage 4 (School Age): Industry vs. Inferiority. Focus on social interactions and skill development.
- Stage 5 (Adolescence): Identity vs. Role Confusion. Focus on self-development.
- Stage 6 (Young Adulthood): Intimacy vs. Isolation. Focuses on relationships.
- Stage 7 (Middle Adulthood): Generativity vs. Stagnation. Focuses on contributing to society.
- Stage 8 (Late Adulthood): Integrity vs. Despair. Focuses on reflecting on one's life.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
- Stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional)
Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory
- Learning occurs through observation and modeling.
- Outcomes may vary depending on whether the model's behaviour is reinforced or punished.
- Reciprocal determinism emphasizes the interplay of personal factors, behaviour, and environmental factors.
Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
- Focuses on the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). The ZPD is the range between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance.
Disabilities
- Handicap is a disadvantage imposed on an individual with a disability in certain situations.
- Disability is the inability to perform certain tasks.
- Various disabilities include dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, ADHD, speech disorders, and language disorders. Seriation is a skill young children develop (according to Piaget's theory).
B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning
- Organisms repeat behaviours that are followed by desirable consequences.
- Organisms avoid or decrease behaviours that are followed by undesirable outcomes.
- Reinforcements and punishments modify behaviour.
Social Learning Theory
- Learning is a cognitive process that occurs in social situations.
- Learning can happen through observation and consequences.
- Learning may occur without observable behaviour changes.
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Description
Explore key concepts in educational psychology, including self-esteem, self-concept, and the differences between qualitative and quantitative research. Learn about cognitive assessments like IQ scores and the stages of human development. This quiz will enhance your understanding of foundational psychology principles.
