Educational Psychology Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

What defines right and wrong in Stage 2 of Kohlberg's Moral Development?

  • The expectations of society
  • Obedience to laws and societal norms
  • Personal needs and desires (correct)
  • Universal ethical principles

    • What is the primary focus of Stage 4 in Kohlberg's Moral Development?

  • Maintaining social order (correct)
  • Individual moral opinions
  • Socially agreed upon standards
  • Pleasing others

    • Which stage focuses on the moral choice being determined by the greatest good for the greatest number?

  • Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation (correct)
  • Stage 3: Being Nice/Relationships Orientation
  • Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles Orientation
  • Stage 1: Punishment Orientation

    • What does Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development describe?

    <p>The area of tasks a child can perform with adult guidance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disability is characterized by difficulty with reading?

    <p>Dyslexia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a disadvantage imposed on individuals due to their disability?

    <p>Handicap (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget's theory, the ability to arrange objects in a specific order is known as?

    <p>Seriation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for establishing the foundation of behaviorism?

    <p>B.F. Skinner (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability is typically developed in the Concrete Operational Stage?

    <p>Thinking logically about hands-on problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development do children face the conflict of Initiative vs Guilt?

    <p>Preschool Age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage in Kohlberg's moral development do children primarily act to avoid punishment?

    <p>Preconventional Level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the Formal Operational Stage of cognitive development?

    <p>Ability to think hypothetically and deductively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Erikson's psychosocial stages, which group of important persons influences a child's development during the Industry vs Inferiority stage?

    <p>School and neighbors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is exemplified when a child begins to understand that other people have their own thoughts and feelings?

    <p>Theory of mind (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development?

    <p>The difference between what a child can do alone and with help (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does thinking in the Preoperational Stage differ from later stages of development?

    <p>Children have difficulty thinking in the past and future (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of cognitive development is characterized by learning through reflexes, senses, and movement?

    <p>Sensorimotor stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development differ from independent learning?

    <p>It emphasizes guided learning with assistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory?

    <p>Ability to think abstractly and logically (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Erikson's psychosocial stage of 'Identity vs. Role Confusion'?

    <p>Exploration of personal values and beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development is characterized by understanding and adhering to social contracts?

    <p>Conventional stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research would primarily focus on interpreting subjective meanings?

    <p>Qualitative research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following changes is NOT typically characterized as development?

    <p>A sudden change in personality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of development does Piaget's theory state children learn through symbols and begin to engage in pretend play?

    <p>Preoperational stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

    The gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance or collaboration.

    Kohlberg's stages of moral development

    A theory of moral development that progresses from self-interest to universal ethical principles.

    Stage 2 (Kohlberg)

    Moral reasoning based on personal needs and wants.

    Stage 3 (Kohlberg)

    Moral reasoning based on pleasing others.

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    Stage 4 (Kohlberg)

    Moral reasoning based on obeying laws and maintaining social order.

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    Dyslexia

    Learning disorder affecting reading.

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    ADHD

    Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; a neurodevelopmental condition.

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    Seriation

    Organizing objects in a logical sequence or order.

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    Self-esteem

    A general feeling of self-worth, including how proud or ashamed you feel about yourself.

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    Self-concept

    Your perception of yourself, including your abilities, beliefs, attitudes, and expectations.

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    Qualitative research

    Research using words, images, themes, and events to understand subjective meanings and experiences.

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    Quantitative research

    Research using numbers, measurements, and statistics to analyze relationships and differences.

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    What does an IQ score mean?

    An IQ score indicates an individual's cognitive abilities compared to others, with an average score of 100.

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    Nature vs. Nurture

    A debate about the relative influence of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) on development.

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    Bloom's Taxonomy

    A hierarchy of cognitive skills, ranging from remembering information to evaluating complex ideas.

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    Piaget's Stages

    A theory of cognitive development outlining stages where children develop their thinking, reasoning, and decision-making abilities.

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    Preoperational Stage

    This stage, lasting from ages 2 to 7, sees language development and symbolic representation of objects. Children primarily think about the present and struggle with other perspectives.

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    Concrete Operational Stage

    This stage, from 7 to 11 years old, marks the development of logical thinking about concrete experiences. Children understand conservation, categorization, and can reverse mental actions.

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    Formal Operational Stage

    This stage, from 11 years onward, signifies the ability to think abstractly, hypothetically, and deductively. Individuals develop social consciousness and explore identity.

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    Basic Trust vs Mistrust

    The first stage of Erikson's theory, focusing on the development of trust based on consistent caregiving in infancy. If trust is not fostered, mistrust may arise.

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    Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

    The second stage, from 2-4 years old, emphasizes the development of independence. If this is discouraged, children may feel shame or doubt.

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    Initiative vs Guilt

    The third stage, from 4-5 years old, focuses on exploring and initiating their own activities. If their efforts are stifled, children may feel guilt.

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    Industry vs Inferiority

    The fourth stage, from 5-12 years old, focuses on the development of competence and skills. If they struggle, they may feel inferior.

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    Identity vs Role Confusion

    This stage, from 13-19 years old, is about exploring and defining one's identity. If they cannot find their place, they may experience role confusion.

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    Study Notes

    Educational Psychology Study Notes

    • Self-esteem is a personal judgment of self-worth, encompassing feelings of pride or shame.
    • Self-concept refers to one's perceptions, abilities, attitudes, beliefs, and expectations of oneself.
    • Qualitative research employs words, dialogue, events, themes, and images as data, focusing on subjective interpretations. Examples include case studies and ethnographies.
    • Quantitative research uses numbers, measurements, and statistics to assess relationships among variables, or differences between groups. Examples include descriptive, correlational, and experimental research.
    • IQ score average is 100.
    • Development describes changes in humans (or animals) from conception to death. These changes are typically orderly, occurring at various rates, and gradually.

    Bloom's Taxonomy

    • Knowledge: Remembering information.
    • Comprehension: Explaining meanings.
    • Application: Using abstractions in concrete situations.
    • Analysis: Breaking down into components.
    • Synthesis: Combining parts to form a new whole.
    • Evaluation: Assessing the highest level.

    Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • Self-actualization: Morality, creativity, spontaneity, acceptance, experience, purpose, meaning, and inner potential.
    • Self-esteem: Confidence, achievement, respect of others, and individuality.
    • Love and belonging: Friendship, family, intimacy, and connection.
    • Safety and security: Health, employment, property, family, and social stability.
    • Physiological needs: Breathing, food, water, shelter, clothing, and sleep.

    Nature vs Nurture

    • Influences on an individual come from heredity (genes) and biological processes, and maturation.
    • Environmental factors, including education, parenting, culture, and social policies, also impact development.

    Jean Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

    • Stage 1 (Sensorimotor): Ages 0-2 years. Learning occurs through reflexes, senses, and actions. Object permanence emerges.
    • Stage 2 (Preoperational): Ages 2-7 years. Development of language and symbolic thinking allows children to represent objects, but thinking is limited by centration and egocentrism.
    • Stage 3 (Concrete Operational): Ages 7-11 years. Logical reasoning emerges, including conservation and categorization. Thinking is tied to concrete experiences.
    • Stage 4 (Formal Operational): Ages 11+. Hypothetical and abstract thinking emerges, allowing for complex problem-solving.

    Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

    • Stage 1 (Infancy): Trust vs. Mistrust. Focus on the caregiver.
    • Stage 2 (Early Childhood): Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt. Focuses on independence.
    • Stage 3 (Preschool): Initiative vs. Guilt. Focuses on exploration.
    • Stage 4 (School Age): Industry vs. Inferiority. Focus on social interactions and skill development.
    • Stage 5 (Adolescence): Identity vs. Role Confusion. Focus on self-development.
    • Stage 6 (Young Adulthood): Intimacy vs. Isolation. Focuses on relationships.
    • Stage 7 (Middle Adulthood): Generativity vs. Stagnation. Focuses on contributing to society.
    • Stage 8 (Late Adulthood): Integrity vs. Despair. Focuses on reflecting on one's life.

    Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

    • Stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional)

    Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory

    • Learning occurs through observation and modeling.
    • Outcomes may vary depending on whether the model's behaviour is reinforced or punished.
    • Reciprocal determinism emphasizes the interplay of personal factors, behaviour, and environmental factors.

    Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

    • Focuses on the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). The ZPD is the range between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance.

    Disabilities

    • Handicap is a disadvantage imposed on an individual with a disability in certain situations.
    • Disability is the inability to perform certain tasks.
    • Various disabilities include dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, ADHD, speech disorders, and language disorders. Seriation is a skill young children develop (according to Piaget's theory).

    B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning

    • Organisms repeat behaviours that are followed by desirable consequences.
    • Organisms avoid or decrease behaviours that are followed by undesirable outcomes.
    • Reinforcements and punishments modify behaviour.

    Social Learning Theory

    • Learning is a cognitive process that occurs in social situations.
    • Learning can happen through observation and consequences.
    • Learning may occur without observable behaviour changes.

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    Description

    Explore key concepts in educational psychology, including self-esteem, self-concept, and the differences between qualitative and quantitative research. Learn about cognitive assessments like IQ scores and the stages of human development. This quiz will enhance your understanding of foundational psychology principles.

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