Psychology Research Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of "systematic empiricism" in the scientific approach?

  • Focusing on the collection of data through observation, regardless of methodology.
  • Employing a rigorous process of observation and analysis, carefully planned and recorded. (correct)
  • Utilizing intuition and personal experiences to understand phenomena.
  • Testing hypotheses based on anecdotal evidence and personal observations.

    • Why is replication of studies considered vital in the scientific approach?

  • To ensure that the original research findings were not due to chance or error.
  • To provide more evidence to support existing theories and hypotheses.
  • To identify and correct any potential biases or methodological flaws in the original study.
  • All of the above. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pseudoscience?

  • Lack of empirical evidence to support claims.
  • Reliance on anecdotal evidence and personal testimonies.
  • Resistance to peer review and independent scrutiny.
  • Emphasis on falsification of claims and hypothesis testing. (correct)

    • Which of the following research goals aligns with 'applied research'?

    <p>Developing intervention strategies for reducing anxiety in students. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why common sense can potentially lead to false beliefs?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to empirically assess the common belief that women talk more than men?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of how confirmation bias can influence our beliefs?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these scales is designed to measure attitudes towards others, groups, or ideas?

    <p>Likert scales (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of reverse scoring in Likert scales?

    <p>To reduce the risk of response bias by preventing participants from simply agreeing with all items. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key assumption of single-subject research?

    <p>Single-subject research focuses on the study of a single participant, making it suitable for capturing individual behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle of effective questionnaire item writing according to the BRUSO acronym?

    <p>Comprehensive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an ABA reversal design, what is the primary purpose of the second 'A' phase?

    <p>To ensure that any observed changes in the dependent variable during phase B are attributable to the treatment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When creating a questionnaire, demographic items should be presented last because:

    <p>Participants are likely to feel more comfortable answering them after they have completed the survey. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of the reversal design?

    <p>It is ethically problematic to withdraw a treatment that is shown to be effective. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling technique involves randomly selecting participants from different subgroups within the population?

    <p>Stratified random sampling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In probability sampling, what is a sampling frame?

    <p>A list or reach of the target population that allows identification of each individual, such as diagnosis required in a hospital or clinical records. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a cluster sampling approach?

    <p>Randomly selecting universities in Istanbul and then randomly sampling students from those selected universities to measure their happiness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using probability sampling?

    <p>It is more cost-effective than other sampling techniques. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why single-subject research emphasizes the importance of internal validity?

    <p>To establish a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a questionnaire introduction?

    <p>To convince participants that the study is important and their participation is valuable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence response rates in a questionnaire?

    <p>The number of participants involved in the study. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effective technique for increasing questionnaire response rates?

    <p>Offering incentives for participation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a literature search primarily help to determine regarding your research question?

    <p>If there is existing research addressing the question. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of article provides a summary of research findings with a new interpretation?

    <p>Review article (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a research ethics board?

    <p>To review research proposals for potential ethical issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a principle of ethical research practices?

    <p>Maintaining commercial interests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychological measurement, what is the difference between a conceptual definition and an operational definition?

    <p>Conceptual definitions are abstract, while operational definitions are observable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a mechanistic theory in psychology?

    <p>It explains how structures and processes interact to produce a phenomenon. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of measurement assigns scores to category labels without implying any order?

    <p>Nominal level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of research ethics, what does the term 'informed consent' refer to?

    <p>Providing participants with all necessary information to make a decision about their participation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is critical in the theory testing using the deductive method?

    <p>Revising the theory based on findings that confirm or deny predictions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately reflects the interpretation of the "b" coefficient in regression analysis?

    <p>It indicates the expected change in the dependent variable for a one-unit increase in the corresponding independent variable, holding other independent variables constant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes factor analysis from other statistical analysis methods?

    <p>It aims to identify underlying latent variables that contribute to observed variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When constructing survey questionnaires, which cognitive process does the "editing response" stage aim to address?

    <p>Verifying if the provided response accurately reflects the respondent's initial judgment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of open-ended questions in survey research?

    <p>They can be time-consuming for respondents to answer and challenging to analyze. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for rotating the order of survey questions and response options?

    <p>To avoid the influence of previous questions on later answers, known as the item-order effect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common reason respondents tend to choose "middle" options in closed-ended surveys?

    <p>They believe the middle option represents the most frequent or typical response among the population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes surveys a valuable tool for data collection in social science research?

    <p>They can be easily administered to large and diverse participant groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics does NOT commonly apply to survey research?

    <p>Surveys are primarily exploratory in nature, seeking to understand existing patterns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of using close-ended questions in survey research?

    <p>They are relatively easy to analyze and compare across respondents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the "retrieval" stage in the cognitive model of survey construction?

    <p>It involves respondents retrieving information from memory to answer the question. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Descriptive Statistics

    • Summarize data
    • Frequency tables: show how often each value appears
    • Histograms: visual representation of frequency distribution
    • Distribution shapes: symmetrical, skewed (positive/negative)
    • Central tendency: mean, median, mode
    • Variability: range, standard deviation.

    Inferential Statistics

    • Draw conclusions about populations from samples
    • Null hypothesis: no relationship between variables
    • Alternative hypothesis: relationship exists
    • P-value: probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis were true. Low p-value supports alternative hypothesis.
    • Alpha level (α): threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis (typically 0.05).

    T-tests

    • Compare means between two groups.
    • One-sample t-test: compares a sample mean to a known population mean
    • Independent samples t-test: compares means of two independent groups
    • Paired samples t-test: compares means of two related groups (e.g., pre- and post-test)

    ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

    • Compare means among more than two groups.
    • One-way ANOVA: one independent variable
    • Two-way ANOVA: two independent variables
    • Repeated measures ANOVA: same participants measured across multiple conditions

    Correlation

    • Relationship between two continuous variables.
    • Pearson correlation coefficient (r): measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship
    • Correlation does not equal causation.

    Regression

    • Predicts a dependent variable based on one or more independent variables.

    Quasi-Experimental Designs

    • Examine relationships between variables, but without random assignment.
    • Often use pre-existing groups
    • Pre-test/post-test designs: measure the dependent variable before and after the treatment
    • Interrupted time series designs: measure the dependent variable over time, with and without the treatment
    • Quasi-experiments have weaknesses in establishing causality compared to true experiments.

    Experimental Designs

    • Manipulate an independent variable to determine its effect on a dependent variable.
    • Random assignment is essential to control for extraneous factors.
    • Within-subjects design: participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable
    • Between-subjects design: participants are exposed to only one level of the independent variable
    • Control groups and experimental groups help isolate the effect of the independent variable.

    Single-subject Research Designs

    • Focuses on the behavior of one or a few individuals.
    • Collect data before, during, and after the intervention.
    • Baseline (A): measures the behavior before the intervention.
    • Intervention (B): the behavior is monitored while the intervention occurs.
    • Reversal (A) or removal of the treatment is done to evaluate its effectiveness.
    • Important for applied settings, focusing on individual changes rather than group differences.

    Survey Methods

    • Gather information about attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors,
    • Questionnaires: sets of structured questions
    • Open-ended questions: allow for detailed responses
    • Close-ended questions: provide limited response choices
    • Context effects: external influence on responses
    • Item order effects: order of questions affect responses
    • Types of scales: unipolar, bipolar, Likert scales
    • Response options: select all that apply, middle options are common

    Qualitative Research Methods

    • Gather in-depth information about experiences, meanings, or perspectives.
    • Includes interviews, focus groups, observations.
    • Grounded theory: develops a theory or interpretation based on data analysis.

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    Psychology Notes - PSYC 201

    Description

    Test your knowledge of research methods in psychology. This quiz covers systematic empiricism, replication, pseudoscience, and research goals, providing a comprehensive overview of the key concepts in behavioral research. Understand the critical aspects that distinguish scientific inquiry from pseudoscience.

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