Psychology Quiz on Research Methods

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes a change in the classification of homosexuality over different versions of the DSM?

It was initially labeled as a developmental disorder.

It was initially considered a personality disorder. (correct)

It was initially treated as a behavioral issue.

It was initially classified as a mental disorder.

How does learning theory explain the development of sexual behavior?

Pleasurable experiences reinforce certain behaviors. (correct)

Sexual preferences are instilled at birth.

Sexual behavior is entirely influenced by peer pressure.

Behavior is shaped through biological determinism.

Which statement accurately reflects the principle of Classical Conditioning?

The unconditioned stimulus elicits a natural response. (correct)

Conditioning occurs without any reinforcement.

Responses depend solely on environmental factors.

The conditioned stimulus can evoke a response without prior associations.

What does the concept of spontaneous recovery in conditioning refer to?

Re-emergence of a conditioned response after extinction. Signup and view all the answers

How is extinction illustrated in Operant Conditioning?

A dog stops responding to a command due to lack of reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What does Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study conclude about children and aggression?

Exposure to violence may lead children to act aggressively. Signup and view all the answers

During Operant Conditioning, what is the relationship between candy and talking in class for your friend?

Candy is a reinforcer for ceasing to talk. Signup and view all the answers

What does sensitization entail in learning theory?

An increased response to a repeated stimulus over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason that explains why females tend to be more selective in their mating choices compared to males?

Sexual encounters can pose significant reproductive risks for females. Signup and view all the answers

What type of evidence suggests that sexual selection is at play in male stag beetles?

Males possess brighter body colors compared to females during specific seasons. Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary process is likely to occur when two populations of the same species are separated and face different environmental pressures?

Adaptation occurs as each population evolves traits suited to their environment. Signup and view all the answers

Why are fruit flies commonly used in studies related to adaptations?

They produce new generations rapidly, allowing for quick study of genetic changes. Signup and view all the answers

How do display features and weapons function similarly in relation to an organism's fitness?

Both indicate an organism's capacity to survive and reproduce successfully. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of evolution might explain common traits across different species, such as health indicators in peacocks and bucks?

Shared evolutionary pressures lead to similar functional traits. Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge faced by researchers studying evolution?

Observable adaptations may require many generations to become evident. Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn from Wedekind and colleagues' findings regarding women's mate preferences?

Mate preferences can align closely with evolutionary theories. Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning is James exhibiting when he uses a plastic hammer on areas of the house his dad has been working on?

Social Learning Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Classical Conditioning, which scenario is an example of it?

You hear a song that reminds you of a stressful exam. Signup and view all the answers

Which definition best characterizes the Law of Effect in Operant Conditioning?

Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule is used in a delivery business that pays employees every three days regardless of deliveries?

Fixed Interval Signup and view all the answers

What type of Operant Conditioning does a car use when it makes noise until a driver buckles their seatbelt?

Escape Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

According to Classical Conditioning, how can we identify the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response in Pete's lunchtime hunger experience?

CS: Time of Day; CR: Hunger Signup and view all the answers

What reward strategy would likely lead to the longest-lasting learning for a child to pick up their jacket?

Rewarding randomly on unpredictable days. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between CS+ and CS- in classical conditioning?

CS+ is involved in a contingency, while CS- is not. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule is exemplified by paying employees every three days regardless of their performance?

Fixed Interval Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is an example of Classical Conditioning where a specific song causes stress?

Experiencing anxiety after hearing a song associated with stress. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Effect in Operant Conditioning state about behaviors?

Behaviors leading to negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated. Signup and view all the answers

In the scenario where a car makes a noise until the driver buckles their seatbelt, which type of Operant Conditioning is being utilized?

Escape Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the observation that Pete's stomach growls at noon over time?

Conditioned Stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of pre-registration in research methods?

To publish your design before data collection Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario presents the best operational definition of 'concentration' in an experiment?

The number of mistakes participants make on the task Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant ethical consideration for research involving discomfort from equipment use?

Risk/benefit ratio Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of Learning Styles suggest about Logan and Sandra's performance on a test given their self-identified learning styles?

Both will score similarly due to equal abilities Signup and view all the answers

Which goat species is likely to exhibit higher evolutionary fitness based on reproduction and offspring count?

Goat B, due to its reproductive frequency and offspring count Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a manipulation in a study?

To vary versions of a stimulus for comparison Signup and view all the answers

In what way does random assignment benefit an experiment?

It ensures that groups are equal before treatment evaluation Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the performance of male birds with colorful feathers discovered in the Amazon rainforest?

Colorful feathers likely play a role in mating displays Signup and view all the answers

How would you describe the relationship between the rate of reproduction and survival among the two goat species?

A balance between reproduction and strength determines survival Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason spaced practice is superior to cramming?

It allows more time for consolidation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes an aspect of deception in a study?

Participants must be told why deception was necessary. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue associated with self-report data collection?

Bias in the responses. Signup and view all the answers

In a study examining family relationships and confidence, what risk is posed by this design?

Demand characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

If Katie studies intensely right before a test and Hallie studies over several weeks, who is likely to outperform in a test one year later?

Hallie will outperform Katie. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the conceptual independent variable in a study on caffeine's effects on mental performance?

Caffeine consumption. Signup and view all the answers

Which result would exemplify a correlation based on study habits?

More study hours lead to higher grades. Signup and view all the answers

What type of substance binds to neuroreceptors to enhance or mimic the effects of neurotransmitters?

Agonist Signup and view all the answers

Based on neuronal activity, what can be concluded if neurons are firing more frequently in response to increasing sound levels?

The loudness of the sound has increased. Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected response of a neuron if it experiences an EPSP that raises the membrane potential to 25 mV above its resting potential?

The neuron will return to its resting potential. Signup and view all the answers

When selecting a brain for a post-mortem analysis, what criteria do researchers generally prioritize?

Brains that have suffered trauma or have mental illness. Signup and view all the answers

What does the observation of Melissa having brown eyes represent in biological terms?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

CNS comprises nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord; PNS contains nerve cells outside of these structures. Signup and view all the answers

What does temporal resolution in brain imaging refer to?

The capability to identify the exact time an activation occurs. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is most closely linked to the feeling of satisfaction after eating a favorite meal?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately assesses Tanner's conclusion about Michael and Sarah being twins developed from the same egg?

Tanner is incorrect because monozygotic twins have the same genetic makeup. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable disadvantage of cross-sectional studies in psychological research?

They can lead to misleading conclusions based on the age of participants. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes typical sensory development in an infant?

An infant is born with good hearing and poor vision. Signup and view all the answers

What crucial developmental insight does the case study of Genie support?

Stimulation is critical during sensitive periods for proper development. Signup and view all the answers

What response was Jackie, the nurse, looking for when she stroked the corners of the newborn's mouth?

Rooting Reflex Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is the baby most likely experiencing if it is crying excessively when the mother leaves and is inconsolable upon her return?

Ambivalent attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which question would a child in the concrete operational phase struggle with?

How might the world be different if humans didn’t have a sense of smell? Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a secondary circular action in infants?

Throwing a toy across the room Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects Erikson's Generativity versus Stagnation phase?

Focusing on making improvements in the future and for others. Signup and view all the answers

What did Harry Harlow's research on attachment in infant monkeys demonstrate?

Comforting touch is critical to infant development. Signup and view all the answers

How did music impact the movement of a Parkinson’s patient practicing on a treadmill?

Listening to music while walking on a treadmill improved the patient's gait beyond just practice. Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, what would help a six-year-old child best when trying to read a chapter book?

Engaging in shared reading with an adult. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tuesday Quiz 1

Spaced practice is superior to cramming because it allows more time for consolidation.
Deception in a study requires informing participants why the deception was necessary.
Self-reports are susceptible to demand characteristics because questions asked about the variables being measured are revealed.
Controlling demand characteristics involves asking participants about religious beliefs to investigate the relationship between relationship status and life satisfaction.
A study examining family relationships and confidence that asks participants anonymously about their relationship with their father, and their confidence poses a risk of demand characteristics.
Hallie (relaxed studying) is expected to outperform Katie (intense studying) in a one-year post-course test.
In a study on caffeine and mental performance, participants drink either caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages, and then their reaction time is measured.

Tuesday Quiz 2

An example of correlation is: students who spent more hours studying were more likely to earn an A on their final exams.
A musician using opportunity sampling would need exactly one musician.
Self-report data collection can suffer from bias.
Pre-registration in research involves publishing the design before data collection.
Manipulation involves varying the versions of a stimulus.
Encoding specificity is best exemplified by students using the same perfume as every day when completing a quiz.
The number of mistakes made on a task is a reasonable operational definition of concentration.
Learning styles (LS) do not affect performance on a test related to remembering colored shapes.

Tuesday Quiz 3

Myelin sheath maintains the strength of the action potential as it travels down the axon.
Hypothalamus regulates body rhythms (sleep, body temperature, etc.).
Bone, cartilage, and muscle tissue growth are examples of hormonal influences on the body.
Heart rate is a function controlled by the medulla.
The hindbrain is associated with survival functions and movement.
An agonist binds to neuroreceptors, and a researcher observing neuron firings may conclude that sound increased loudness.
25 mV above resting potential would cause the neuron most likely to return to resting potential.
Researchers choose unusual brains for post-mortem discussion if they suffered trauma or had mental illness.

Tuesday Quiz 4

Phenotype refers to observable traits (e.g., brown eyes).
Facial recognition is a function of the temporal lobe.
The CNS (brain and spinal cord) differs from the PNS (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord).
Temporal resolution in brain imaging refers to identifying the exact time of activation.
Only ERP presents the same stimulus repeatedly.
When feeling satisfied after eating, the neurotransmitter dopamine is most involved.
Tanner was incorrect in concluding siblings developing simultaneously in their womb were twins developed from the same egg.
Monozygotic twins have the same genetic makeup.
The brain is designed to be efficient and prunes unnecessary connections during neurodegeneration.
A key disadvantage of cross-sectional studies is that people aged 50 in 2024 may respond differently to those in 2074.
Neuroplasticity declines over time.

Tuesday Quiz 5

The organ of Corti converts physical sound into an action potential.
Sensation relates to stimuli detection, and perception involves organizing sensory information.
"Sweet" perception occurs in the primary gustatory cortex.
The right cerebral hemisphere primarily processes images perceived in the left visual field.
The difference threshold is the minimum noticeable change in a stimulus.
Apparent movement is a principle of Gestalt.
Loudness is the psychological perception of sound wave height.
Sensation relates to stimuli detection, and perception involves organizing sensory information.
Researchers choose unusual brains for post-mortem discussion.

Tuesday Quiz 6

Memory is better at the beginning of a list (primacy effect).
Schemas are ways to organize concepts.
Encoding, storing, and retrieving are parts of memory.
The amygdala plays a larger role in recalling fearful events.
Recency effect pertains to better memory for items at a list’s end.
The Recency Effect’s strongest effect could involve asking about participants' birthdays after hearing 12 words.
State-dependent theory states that Alex could see decreased performance related to changed conditions since a different state of mind exists during study.
Chunking involves organizing vocabulary by related body parts.
Semantic memory is the type of memory employed to recall a childhood home address.

Tuesday Quiz 7

Foot-in-the-door is a persuasive strategy, when agreeing to help a friend move boxes can result in friend asking you to help unload at her place.
Social loafing refers to the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group.
Diffusion of responsibility is the tendency to assume others will take action in case of emergency.
Situational attribution involves blaming an external factor (the steps) for tripping.
Groupthink is where a decision is made because an entire group thinks the same way without dissenting opinions.
External/situational attribution is that others do the same thing in similar circumstances.
The scientific term for someone secretly involved in a psychology experiment is a confederate.
Ingroup/outgroup is where people favor their group and negatively stereotype others.
Altruism is when people act without expecting rewards.

Tuesday Quiz 8

Nonverbal cues are more important than verbal communication to building impressions.
Situations where positive perceptions between involved parties are at their highest involves parties involved in shared history and team goals.
Peripheral route is when the person is more persuaded by a person’s charisma than their actual message.
Covariation theory proposes that internal/external influences determine our behavior.
People with an audience or are being watched perform better than those not being watched.
Other people reacting differently in the same situation makes their behavior more likely to be the cause or disposition related.

Tuesday Quiz 9

The most deliveries to a delivery company are expected right before payday.
Conditioning is the response to a natural stimuli.
Spontaneous recovery refers to the reemergence of a previously conditioned response after extinction when the conditioned stimulus is presented again.
The most lasting learning of operant conditioning is achieved with randomly scheduled reinforcement.
Reinforcement schedules describe the patterns of reinforcement used in operant conditioning.
Rewards can be used in Operant Conditioning.
Operant learning (classical conditioning) refers to using reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior.
Bandura’s Bobo doll study concluded that children are more likely to behave aggressively after being exposed to violence.

Tuesday Quiz 10

Mirror neurons are related to learning, when someone observes others acting, they can often feel a corresponding feeling/action.
Eustress is when a person experiences a reaction that benefits them.
Emotion-focused coping is a method of handling stressful situations by changing reaction to the stressor, not changing the stressor itself.
General Adaptation is the process where the body adjusts to significant stress.
It starts with the alarm stage, then resistance and lastly exhaustion, where the body can no longer fight.
In resistance, defences are the strongest in the body.

Tuesday Quiz 11

Motivation is driven by imbalances and deficits in needs, and fulfillment reduces these drives.
Emotions are a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretations.
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining stable internal conditions, and adjusting in response to external changes, like running in 30-degree weather, maintaining body temperature to normalize
Sustaining refers to the determination an individual shows in reaching goals.
Facial feedback hypothesis is when a teacher smiles at a student, making them happier during class.

Tuesday Quiz 12

Feelings can include eating, showering as daily activities, and having a desire or drive to satisfy hunger.
Overjustification effect is when external rewards reduce internal motivation.
Positive reappraisal is a method of adjusting emotions by changing how a person views a specific situation.
Emotion regulation describes how people attempt to handle and control their own emotions.
Wanting to play the piano because of the enjoyment experienced describes intrinsic motivation.
An extrinsic motivation example is where there is a reward associated, such as promotion.
The physiological response and feeling is a response from the brain which produces the feelings of wanting to eat and to feel hunger.
When someone lacks feelings and is no longer experiencing hunger, this can be attributed to the feeling of being full and satiation.
The stage that involves reaching goals is self-actualization.

Tuesday Quiz 13

Dysfunctional behavior is the best example of a day-to-day behavior.
Behaviors must be harmful to be considered dysfunctional.
A diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder pertains to issues with worrying over contamination, cleaning, or other behaviors.
Generalized anxiety disorder has equal prevalence in males and females.
Alogia is a symptom of schizophrenia, where a person only uses one-word responses.
Alogia affects positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Deviance corresponds to behaviors that violate social norms.
Distress is a personal discomfort or suffering that behaviors cause.
Using the DSM-5 can have issues with high levels of comorbidity leading to diagnostic problems.
A rec league basketball player with a low motivational and energy cycle with fluctuations may struggle with major depressive disorder.

Tuesday Quiz 14

Intimate partner violence is a highly likely trauma that could lead to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
The diathesis-stress model describes how underlying vulnerabilities combine with stress to cause disorders.
A valid criticism of the DSM-5 is that disorders are diagnosed more frequently than necessary.
Adjustment disorder is when a person experiences significant distress, such as crying frequently and avoiding other pets after losing a pet.
Mania in Bipolar II are less severe than those seen in Bipolar I.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on research methods in psychology, including concepts like spaced practice, demand characteristics, and the effects of caffeine on performance. This quiz covers different aspects of experimental design and participant behavior in psychological studies.