26 Questions
What is the process of retrieving material from long-term memory called?
Retrieval
Compared to short-term memory, long-term memory is
all of the options listed
Which type of memory is referred to as the vast store of information?
Secondary memory
What is the maximum duration of short-term memory?
20-30 seconds
What is the process of repeating information to prevent it from fading called?
Rehearsal
Why do people tend to remember the first and last items on a list more easily?
Due to the serial position effect
What type of rehearsal involves understanding the meaning of the information?
Elaborative rehearsal
How long can people hold information in long-term memory?
Their entire lifetime
What type of memory is involved in remembering to drop the car off to get a service tomorrow morning?
Prospective memory
What does the level of processing refer to?
The degree to which information is elaborated
Declarative memory can involve which type of memory?
Semantic, episodic
What type of memory allows us to remember skills, such as riding a bike?
Procedural memory
What type of retrieval from LTM is involved in multiple-choice tests?
Recognition
What is the phenomenon in which the processing of specific information is facilitated by prior exposure to the same or similar information?
Priming effects
In a classical conditioning procedure, what happens to patients with an intact hippocampus but a damaged amygdala?
They consciously know that the tone is associated with shock, but show no conditioned fear response to it
In a classical conditioning procedure, what happens to patients with an intact hippocampus but a damaged amygdala?
They consciously know that the tone is associated with shock, but show no conditioned fear response to it
What is NOT a reason that researchers believe that memory involves a set of modules?
Most information that enters the sensory register is lost or forgotten.
What is working memory?
Temporary storage and processing of information that can be used to solve problems, respond to environmental demands, or achieve goals.
In facial recognition studies, the pre-frontal region of the cortex is most active during:
The second or recognition phase.
What does working memory provide access to?
Consciousness.
What is the best evidence for a distinction between working and long-term memory?
Amnesic patients who cannot recall new information when rehearsal stops.
Which of the following best exemplifies chunking?
Anna recalls important facts for an upcoming history exam by 'hanging' each piece of information on a 'peg' while visualizing the fact creatively.
In the 1974 study by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch, what did the results suggest about working memory?
Holding 4-8 digits in memory decreased the time to solve the reasoning task.
What is true about visuospatial sketchpads?
They allow mental images to be rotated.
What supports the notion that working memory and long-term memory (LTM) are intertwined?
All of the options listed.
What is the 'tip-of-the-tongue' phenomenon related to?
Linking the sounds of words to their meanings.
Study Notes
Memory Retrieval
- Retrieval is the process of recovering material from long-term memory.
Characteristics of Long-Term Memory
- Long-term memory is more permanent compared to short-term memory.
- It includes representations of thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
William James' View on Memory
- William James argued that secondary memory is the vast store of information.
Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Maximum duration of STM is about 20-30 seconds.
- Its capacity is limited to a maximum of about nine items.
- STM memory is cue driven.
Maintenance Rehearsal
- Repeating information over and over again to prevent it from fading is a procedure known as rehearsal.
Serial Position Effect
- When a list of words is presented, participants tend to remember those at the beginning and at the end of the list more easily than those in the middle due to the serial position effect.
Working Memory
- Working memory refers to the temporary storage and processing of information that can be used to solve problems, respond to environmental demands, or achieve goals.
- It appears to provide access to consciousness.
- Facial recognition studies show that the pre-frontal region of the cortex is most active during the second or recognition phase.
Chunking
- Chunking is a technique to remember information by grouping it into larger units, enhancing memory.
Distinction between Working and Long-Term Memory
- The best evidence for a distinction between working and long-term memory comes from amnesic patients who cannot recall new information when rehearsal stops.
Visuospatial Sketchpads
- Visuospatial sketchpads allow mental images to be rotated and contain the location and nature of the objects that exist in the environment.
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
- The 'tip-of-the-tongue' phenomenon is related to linking the sounds of words to their meanings.
Amygdala's Function
- The amygdala is necessary for fear conditioning and avoidance behavior.
Types of Memory
- Remembering to drop the car off to get a service tomorrow morning is an example of prospective memory.
- Declarative memory can involve either semantic or episodic memory.
- Procedural memory is responsible for remembering how to ride a bike.
- Priming effects refer to the phenomenon in which the processing of specific information is facilitated by prior exposure to the same or similar information.
Retrieval from Long-Term Memory
- Recognition tests, such as multiple-choice tests, often involve recognition from LTM.
This quiz tests your understanding of the memory retrieval process, including the differences between short-term and long-term memory, as well as the theories of William James.
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