Psychology condense 4 p. 21-28 Chapter on Memory Retrieval

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the activation of nodes in memory without conscious awareness?

State-dependent Memory

Cued Recall

Priming (correct)

Context

What effect describes the tendency to remember the first and last items on a list better than those in the middle?

Serial Position Curve (correct)

Contextual Recall

Primacy Effect

Recency Effect

Which type of recall provides the most retrieval cues and tends to yield the best results?

Contextual Recall

Recognition (correct)

Cued Recall

Free Recall

What does state-dependent memory refer to?

Memory retrieval influenced by mood or physical state Signup and view all the answers

What is a common error where the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed?

Source Monitoring Error Signup and view all the answers

What type of information might lead to inaccurate recollections of an event?

False Information Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes a mental blueprint containing common aspects of the world?

Memory Schema Signup and view all the answers

What effect is observed when misleading information impacts a person's recollection of an event?

Misleading Information Effect Signup and view all the answers

What are the highly vivid memories called?

Flashbulb memories Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the strengthening of connections between neurons to store memories?

Long-term potentiation Signup and view all the answers

Which researcher was the first to investigate memory decay?

Ebbinghaus Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the situation when old information is impaired by new learning?

Retroactive interference Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory remains stable with aging?

Implicit memory Signup and view all the answers

Which ability is known to improve around age 60 in older adults?

Crystallized IQ Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used when a memory retrieval is difficult but not completely lost?

Relearning Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive ability is expected to decline with aging?

Episodic memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of mental age developed by Binet?

A comparison of a child's intellectual performance to average performance for their physical age. Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective emphasizes that language is an innate biological mechanism?

Nativist perspective Signup and view all the answers

Vygotsky believed that language and thought are:

Independent but converge through development. Signup and view all the answers

What does the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis assert?

Language influences cognitive processes and how individuals think. Signup and view all the answers

What is a language acquisition device (LAD)?

An innate biological mechanism for learning language. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that environmental cues and biology interact in language acquisition?

Interactionist Signup and view all the answers

What does the critical period in language acquisition refer to?

A time when language is learned more easily, typically from birth to age 9. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement aligns with the Universalism theory in the context of language?

Language determines thought content and structure. Signup and view all the answers

What is overconfidence when it comes to test preparation?

Entering a test without sufficient knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes belief perseverance?

Ignoring facts that contradict personal beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What defines confirmation bias?

Only considering evidence that supports pre-existing beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the formal operational stage in cognitive development?

Reasoning abstractly about consequences Signup and view all the answers

How does framing affect decision-making?

It influences choices based on presentation of options. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes typical semantic networks in the mind?

They consist of interconnected ideas varying in relatedness. Signup and view all the answers

Which problem-solving method is described as a logical procedure for finding a solution?

Algorithm Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of means-end analysis in problem-solving?

To analyze the main problem and break it down into smaller problems Signup and view all the answers

What does the g factor represent in intelligence theory?

General intelligence underlying cognitive tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that semantic networks develop based on individual experience?

Modified semantic network model. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence is primarily measured by IQ tests?

Analytical intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Which decision-making heuristic involves making judgments based on the availability of specific examples in memory?

Availability Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an element of intelligence as defined by the content?

Capacity to learn from experience and adapt. Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of '1 general intelligence' imply?

Scoring well in one area generally indicates ability in others. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes fluid intelligence from crystallized intelligence?

Fluid intelligence involves abstract reasoning, while crystallized involves accumulated knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What does the conjunction fallacy imply about judgment in decision-making?

The likelihood of two events occurring together is often overestimated Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes a fixed mindset regarding intelligence?

Intelligence is inherent and does not change over time. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is identified as relying on instinct and has a high chance of error in problem-solving?

Intuition Signup and view all the answers

What type of intelligence can be defined as the ability to generate novel ideas?

Creative intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in problem-solving when someone gets fixated on a wrong approach?

Insight Signup and view all the answers

In decision-making, what does the representativeness heuristic focus on?

Matching something to a prototype or stereotype Signup and view all the answers

In studies of heritability, what is indicated by the strongest correlation among twins?

Identical twins raised together Signup and view all the answers

Which theory differentiates intelligence into eight modalities?

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences Signup and view all the answers

How does fluid intelligence typically change with age?

It decreases as individuals enter older adulthood. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Retrieval Cues

Priming involves prior activation of nodes/associations, often subconsciously.
Context refers to the environment during encoding and retrieval. Scuba divers performed better recalling information in the same location where they learned it.
State-dependent memory: Learning in a particular state (e.g., drunk) increases recall in the same state. Mood and context also impact recall.
Retrieval cues include free recall, cued recall, and recognition.
Free recall: Recalling information without cues.
Cued recall: Retrieval cues assist recall.
Recognition: Identifying presented information. Cued recall often leads to better performance than free recall.
Recognition is the best method, followed by cued recall, and finally free recall.

Memory Reconstruction

Memories are not stored as exact copies.
Every retrieval changes the memory, influenced by goals, mood, and environment.
Schemas (mental frameworks) are used to fill in missing details, potentially distorting accuracy.

False Memories

False memories are inaccurate recollections of an event.
Misleading information can affect memory: Participants asked about car crashes using different descriptive terms gave different descriptions of how fast the cars were going.

Source Monitoring and Emotional Memories

Source monitoring refers to remembering the source of information.
Emotional memories are highly vivid, but can still be subject to reconstruction.

Long-Term Potentiation and Synaptic Plasticity

Long-term memories involve strengthening neuronal connections (synapses).
Repeated stimulation strengthens synapses, leading to long-term potentiation.

Decay and Interference

Decay: Memories weaken over time if not retrieved.
Interference: New learning can impair recall of old information (retroactive interference), or previously learned material can interfere with new learning (proactive interference).
Memories are much more likely to be remembered if they are frequently retrieved.

Aging and Cognitive Abilities

Implicit memory (e.g., riding a bike) remains stable with age, though some improvement in memory occurs with age.
Semantic memory (vocabulary) generally improves up to age 60.
Crystallized intelligence (stored knowledge) tends to increase or remain stable with age.

Decline in Cognitive Function

Decline in episodic memory, processing speed, divided attention
Decline in memory can affect prospective and other memory tasks.
Alzheimer's disease and Korsakoff's syndrome are associated with significant memory loss due to brain damage.
Excessive forgetting can interfere with regular life.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Children's minds develop in a distinct series of stages.
Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years) involves acquiring knowledge through senses.
Preoperational stage (2-7 years) characterized by developing language.
Concrete operational stage (7-11 years) involves understanding of specific topics and problem-solving.

Problem Solving

Effective problem-solving strategies can involve trial-and-error, algorithms, and heuristics.
Heuristics are mental shortcuts that facilitate faster problem-solving.

Decision Making

Availability heuristic: using examples easily recalled to make decisions.
Representativeness heuristic: matching outcomes to prototypes.
Biases, like overconfidence, belief perseverance, and confirmation bias, can affect decision-making.

Intelligence

Intelligence is usually measured using an IQ test (intelligence quotient).
The g factor is often associated with a general intelligence in solving cognitive tasks.
Emotional intelligence and other intelligences can also be tested.

Theories of Language Development

Nativist theory posits that humans have an innate ability to acquire language (LAD).
Learning theory suggests language acquisition arises from environmental influences.
Interactionist theory suggests that both innate factors and social experience are needed in language acquisition..

Framing Effects

Framing a decision differently can affect choices.

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Description

Explore the complexities of memory retrieval with this quiz based on key concepts such as priming, context, state-dependent memory, and different recall methods. Understand how memory is reconstructed and influenced by various factors, and test your knowledge on recognition versus recall. Perfect for students studying psychology.