Psychology condense 4 p. 21-28 Chapter on Memory Retrieval
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the activation of nodes in memory without conscious awareness?

  • State-dependent Memory
  • Cued Recall
  • Priming (correct)
  • Context

What effect describes the tendency to remember the first and last items on a list better than those in the middle?

  • Serial Position Curve (correct)
  • Contextual Recall
  • Primacy Effect
  • Recency Effect

Which type of recall provides the most retrieval cues and tends to yield the best results?

  • Contextual Recall
  • Recognition (correct)
  • Cued Recall
  • Free Recall

What does state-dependent memory refer to?

<p>Memory retrieval influenced by mood or physical state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common error where the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed?

<p>Source Monitoring Error (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information might lead to inaccurate recollections of an event?

<p>False Information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes a mental blueprint containing common aspects of the world?

<p>Memory Schema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect is observed when misleading information impacts a person's recollection of an event?

<p>Misleading Information Effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the highly vivid memories called?

<p>Flashbulb memories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the strengthening of connections between neurons to store memories?

<p>Long-term potentiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which researcher was the first to investigate memory decay?

<p>Ebbinghaus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the situation when old information is impaired by new learning?

<p>Retroactive interference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory remains stable with aging?

<p>Implicit memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ability is known to improve around age 60 in older adults?

<p>Crystallized IQ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used when a memory retrieval is difficult but not completely lost?

<p>Relearning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive ability is expected to decline with aging?

<p>Episodic memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of mental age developed by Binet?

<p>A comparison of a child's intellectual performance to average performance for their physical age. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective emphasizes that language is an innate biological mechanism?

<p>Nativist perspective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vygotsky believed that language and thought are:

<p>Independent but converge through development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis assert?

<p>Language influences cognitive processes and how individuals think. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a language acquisition device (LAD)?

<p>An innate biological mechanism for learning language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that environmental cues and biology interact in language acquisition?

<p>Interactionist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the critical period in language acquisition refer to?

<p>A time when language is learned more easily, typically from birth to age 9. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement aligns with the Universalism theory in the context of language?

<p>Language determines thought content and structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is overconfidence when it comes to test preparation?

<p>Entering a test without sufficient knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes belief perseverance?

<p>Ignoring facts that contradict personal beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines confirmation bias?

<p>Only considering evidence that supports pre-existing beliefs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the formal operational stage in cognitive development?

<p>Reasoning abstractly about consequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does framing affect decision-making?

<p>It influences choices based on presentation of options. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes typical semantic networks in the mind?

<p>They consist of interconnected ideas varying in relatedness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which problem-solving method is described as a logical procedure for finding a solution?

<p>Algorithm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of means-end analysis in problem-solving?

<p>To analyze the main problem and break it down into smaller problems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the g factor represent in intelligence theory?

<p>General intelligence underlying cognitive tasks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that semantic networks develop based on individual experience?

<p>Modified semantic network model. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence is primarily measured by IQ tests?

<p>Analytical intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which decision-making heuristic involves making judgments based on the availability of specific examples in memory?

<p>Availability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an element of intelligence as defined by the content?

<p>Capacity to learn from experience and adapt. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of '1 general intelligence' imply?

<p>Scoring well in one area generally indicates ability in others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes fluid intelligence from crystallized intelligence?

<p>Fluid intelligence involves abstract reasoning, while crystallized involves accumulated knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the conjunction fallacy imply about judgment in decision-making?

<p>The likelihood of two events occurring together is often overestimated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes a fixed mindset regarding intelligence?

<p>Intelligence is inherent and does not change over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is identified as relying on instinct and has a high chance of error in problem-solving?

<p>Intuition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of intelligence can be defined as the ability to generate novel ideas?

<p>Creative intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in problem-solving when someone gets fixated on a wrong approach?

<p>Insight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In decision-making, what does the representativeness heuristic focus on?

<p>Matching something to a prototype or stereotype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In studies of heritability, what is indicated by the strongest correlation among twins?

<p>Identical twins raised together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory differentiates intelligence into eight modalities?

<p>Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does fluid intelligence typically change with age?

<p>It decreases as individuals enter older adulthood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another.

Formal Operational Stage

A stage of cognitive development where individuals can reason abstractly, think hypothetically, and consider consequences.

Algorithm

A problem-solving method that involves systematically trying out solutions until the correct one is found.

Heuristics

A mental shortcut that simplifies problem solving by reducing the range of possible solutions.

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Means-End Analysis

A problem-solving technique where you break down a complex problem into smaller, easier-to-manage parts.

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Availability Heuristic

A decision-making heuristic where you judge the probability of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.

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Representativeness Heuristic

A decision-making heuristic where you judge the probability of an event based on how well it matches a prototype or stereotype.

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Conjunction Fallacy

A fallacy where people assume the co-occurrence of two events is more likely than a single event, when the opposite is often true.

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Overconfidence

A tendency to overestimate our own knowledge and abilities, leading to poor decision-making.

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Belief Perseverance

The tendency to stick to our beliefs even when presented with contradictory evidence.

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Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for information that confirms our existing beliefs, while ignoring evidence that contradicts them.

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Framing Effects

The way a decision is presented or framed can significantly influence our choices, even if the options have the same outcome.

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Semantic Networks

A model that represents the way concepts are organized and interconnected in our minds.

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Spreading Activation

The process of activating one idea in a semantic network, which triggers the activation of related concepts, spreading through the network.

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Intelligence (IQ)

A measure of an individual's cognitive abilities, including reasoning, problem-solving, and learning.

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General Intelligence

The theory that intelligence is a single, general ability that underlies performance on a wide range of cognitive tasks.

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Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A long-lasting strengthening of the connection between neurons, resulting from repeated stimulation. It is crucial for learning and memory formation.

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Mental Age (Binet)

A person's intellectual development as measured by standardized tests, compared to average intellectual performance at a certain age.

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Synaptic Plasticity

The ability of synapses to change their strength and efficiency over time. LTP is one example of this.

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Behavioral Theory of Language

Empiricist theory of language acquisition that posits language is learned through conditioning and reinforcement.

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Decay

The process of forgetting information over time, caused by the weakening of neural connections. Remembering something can slow down this process.

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Nativist Theory of Language

The idea that language is innate, and humans are born with a pre-programmed ability to learn language.

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Interactionist Theory of Language

A theory of language acquisition that combines environmental factors and innate biological mechanisms to explain how language is learned.

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Relearning

The ability to learn something more quickly the second time around, even if you don't recall it perfectly. This suggests that some memory trace remains.

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Retroactive Interference

When new learning interferes with the retrieval of old information. For example, you forget your old address after moving.

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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

A hypothetical mental mechanism proposed by Noam Chomsky to explain the innate capacity for language acquisition.

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Proactive Interference

When past learning interferes with new learning. For example, you struggle to remember a new password because you keep thinking of old ones.

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Linguistic Relativity (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)

The theory that language influences thought and perception, suggesting speakers of different languages experience the world differently.

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Episodic Memories

Memories that involve personal experiences and events, often with specific details of time and place.

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Critical Period for Language Acquisition

The idea that language acquisition is most effective during a specific developmental period, typically from birth to around age 9.

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Semantic Memories

Memories that involve general knowledge and facts, often acquired through learning and experience.

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Vygotsky's Theory of Language and Thought

A concept emphasizing the interconnectedness and mutual influence of language and thought.

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Priming

The act of activating related concepts or associations in memory often without conscious effort. It's like a ripple effect where one concept triggers others. For example, hearing the word "apple" might make you think of other fruits.

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Context

The surrounding environment or context where you learn or recall information can significantly influence your memory. This includes physical location, mood, and even the presence of certain cues.

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State-dependent Memory

A state of mind, emotions, or physical condition can affect memory retrieval. If you learn something while drunk, you'll likely remember it better when you're drunk again. This is because your mood or state acts as a retrieval cue.

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Cued Recall

A type of recall where you are provided with hints or cues to help you retrieve information. For example, you might be asked to recall the name of a planet, given the clue "pl..."

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Recognition

The most effective type of memory test, where you are presented with two options and asked to identify which one you have seen or experienced before. It's like multiple-choice questions.

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Memory Reconstruction

The process of reconstructing a memory during retrieval, often influenced by our current goals, mood, or even desires. This means our memories aren't always perfectly accurate, but rather a blend of original information and subsequent influences.

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Source Monitoring Error

An error in memory where you misremember the source of a particular piece of information. This can lead to attributing a memory to a specific experience, when it actually came from a different source.

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False Information

Inaccurate or misleading information that can be incorporated into our memories. This can happen due to suggestions, leading questions, or even our own desires.

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What is 'g factor'?

A general mental ability that contributes to performance on a wide range of cognitive tasks. It's like a foundation upon which all other intellectual abilities are built.

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What is Analytical Intelligence?

Refers to the ability to think critically, solve problems analytically, and excel in academic settings.

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What is Creative Intelligence?

This intelligence encompasses the ability to think creatively, come up with innovative solutions, and adapt to new situations.

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What is Practical Intelligence?

The ability to solve practical, everyday problems, often those that don't have clear-cut solutions.

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What is Emotional Intelligence?

It's the ability to understand, manage, and express emotions effectively, both in ourselves and others.

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What is Fluid Intelligence?

This refers to our ability to reason, solve problems, and think abstractly, often described as 'fluid thinking.'

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What is Crystallized Intelligence?

The 'crystallized' intelligence encompasses our accumulated knowledge, skills, and experiences. It's based on what we've learned over time.

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What is a Fixed Mindset?

The belief that intelligence is a fixed trait, unchangeable even with effort and learning. It's like seeing intelligence as a fixed capacity.

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Study Notes

Retrieval Cues

  • Priming involves prior activation of nodes/associations, often subconsciously.

  • Context refers to the environment during encoding and retrieval. Scuba divers performed better recalling information in the same location where they learned it.

  • State-dependent memory: Learning in a particular state (e.g., drunk) increases recall in the same state. Mood and context also impact recall.

  • Retrieval cues include free recall, cued recall, and recognition.

  • Free recall: Recalling information without cues.

  • Cued recall: Retrieval cues assist recall.

  • Recognition: Identifying presented information. Cued recall often leads to better performance than free recall.

  • Recognition is the best method, followed by cued recall, and finally free recall.

Memory Reconstruction

  • Memories are not stored as exact copies.
  • Every retrieval changes the memory, influenced by goals, mood, and environment.
  • Schemas (mental frameworks) are used to fill in missing details, potentially distorting accuracy.

False Memories

  • False memories are inaccurate recollections of an event.
  • Misleading information can affect memory: Participants asked about car crashes using different descriptive terms gave different descriptions of how fast the cars were going.

Source Monitoring and Emotional Memories

  • Source monitoring refers to remembering the source of information.
  • Emotional memories are highly vivid, but can still be subject to reconstruction.

Long-Term Potentiation and Synaptic Plasticity

  • Long-term memories involve strengthening neuronal connections (synapses).
  • Repeated stimulation strengthens synapses, leading to long-term potentiation.

Decay and Interference

  • Decay: Memories weaken over time if not retrieved.
  • Interference: New learning can impair recall of old information (retroactive interference), or previously learned material can interfere with new learning (proactive interference).
  • Memories are much more likely to be remembered if they are frequently retrieved.

Aging and Cognitive Abilities

  • Implicit memory (e.g., riding a bike) remains stable with age, though some improvement in memory occurs with age.
  • Semantic memory (vocabulary) generally improves up to age 60.
  • Crystallized intelligence (stored knowledge) tends to increase or remain stable with age.

Decline in Cognitive Function

  • Decline in episodic memory, processing speed, divided attention
  • Decline in memory can affect prospective and other memory tasks.
  • Alzheimer's disease and Korsakoff's syndrome are associated with significant memory loss due to brain damage.
  • Excessive forgetting can interfere with regular life.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

  • Children's minds develop in a distinct series of stages.
  • Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years) involves acquiring knowledge through senses.
  • Preoperational stage (2-7 years) characterized by developing language.
  • Concrete operational stage (7-11 years) involves understanding of specific topics and problem-solving.

Problem Solving

  • Effective problem-solving strategies can involve trial-and-error, algorithms, and heuristics.
  • Heuristics are mental shortcuts that facilitate faster problem-solving.

Decision Making

  • Availability heuristic: using examples easily recalled to make decisions.
  • Representativeness heuristic: matching outcomes to prototypes.
  • Biases, like overconfidence, belief perseverance, and confirmation bias, can affect decision-making.

Intelligence

  • Intelligence is usually measured using an IQ test (intelligence quotient).
  • The g factor is often associated with a general intelligence in solving cognitive tasks.
  • Emotional intelligence and other intelligences can also be tested.

Theories of Language Development

  • Nativist theory posits that humans have an innate ability to acquire language (LAD).
  • Learning theory suggests language acquisition arises from environmental influences.
  • Interactionist theory suggests that both innate factors and social experience are needed in language acquisition..

Framing Effects

  • Framing a decision differently can affect choices.

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Psychology Notes - Memory Concepts PDF

Description

Explore the complexities of memory retrieval with this quiz based on key concepts such as priming, context, state-dependent memory, and different recall methods. Understand how memory is reconstructed and influenced by various factors, and test your knowledge on recognition versus recall. Perfect for students studying psychology.

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