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Questions and Answers
Which statement best describes the emotional expressiveness in Asian cultures compared to Western cultures?
What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system?
How do adrenaline injections affect a person's emotional response according to Schachter’s studies?
What physiological misattribution occurred during the study involving men on a dangerous bridge?
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What role does the prefrontal cortex play in emotional processing?
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What primary factor typically influences men's standards for a mate?
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Which trait is most often prioritized by women when considering a long-term partner?
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According to the Parental Investment Theory, which sex tends to have higher standards in mate selection?
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What is a common misconception regarding women's criteria for sexual partners compared to men’s?
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Which of the following components is NOT part of the emotional experience?
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What common theme is found in the preferences of gay men for mates?
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What societal factors contribute to women's lower economic potential?
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In the context of emotional reactions, what does the James-Lange Theory propose?
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What was the main goal of the Robber’s Cave experiment?
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In the Jigsaw method, what follows when students return to their original group?
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What is the bystander effect?
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Which of the following best describes biological needs?
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What is the primary principle behind drive theories?
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What is self-serving bias?
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How do incentive theories differ from drive theories?
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What is homeostasis?
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What is the purpose of self-handicapping?
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Which of the following behaviors is NOT explained by drive theories?
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Which factor contributes to the persistence of prejudice?
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What does the term 'us vs them mentality' refer to?
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How does a self-fulfilling prophecy relate to stereotypes?
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What is stereotype threat?
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What heuristic function do stereotypes serve?
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Why might someone use self-handicapping?
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What does the Cannon-Bard Theory propose about the relationship between emotions and physiological responses?
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Which of the following describes an outcome of the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory?
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What distinguishes primary emotions from secondary emotions?
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Why are women generally considered more emotionally intelligent than men?
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What factor primarily influences the development of secondary emotions?
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What characterizes a Duchenne smile?
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Which of the following statements about men's emotional expression is true?
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How do cultural norms influence the expression of emotions?
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Study Notes
Attributions
- People take credit for success and blame external factors for failure.
Self-Handicapping
- Creating obstacles before a task to prevent self-esteem damage from failure.
- Example: Getting drunk before an exam to blame failure on intoxication instead of lack of intelligence.
Prejudice/Stereotyping
- Holding a general belief or assumption about ALL members of a group.
Reasons for Persistence of Prejudice
- Implicit prejudice: Unintentional discrimination.
- Stereotypes as heuristics: Quick judgments without full analysis.
- “Blaming the victim” and scapegoating: Finding comfort in blaming others.
- Us vs Them mentality: Perceive own group as superior with negative stereotypes towards other groups.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Expectations about a group influence behavior that confirms those stereotypes.
- Example: A hiring manager assuming a casually dressed person is lazy and engaging less in the interview, causing the person to appear nervous and perform poorly.
Stereotype Threat
- Fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group.
- Anxiety affects performance, potentially confirming the stereotype.
Reducing Prejudice
-
Robber's Cave Experiment:
- Competition fuels prejudice.
- Cooperation reduces prejudice.
- Phases:
- Separation
- Competition
- Superordinate goals (shared goals)
-
Jigsaw Classroom:
- Students in diverse groups, each covering a different section of a text.
- Expert groups formed for students with the same section to discuss.
- Return to original groups to share knowledge.
- Prosocial behavior: Acts benefiting others.
- Bystander effect: Less likely to help in a large group due to diffusion of responsibility.
Motivation
- Desire that energizes and directs behavior towards goals.
- Two categories:
- Biological needs: Hunger, thirst, sex.
- Social needs: Connection, care, achievement.
Drive Theories
- The body creates a drive to restore balance when out of equilibrium.
- Example: Hunger drive caused by low energy levels.
Incentive Theories
- Focus on external rewards and enjoyable things.
Drive
- Internal tension pushing you to act due to a need.
Homeostasis
- Maintaining a stable body environment.
- Example: Regulating temperature.
Limitations of Drive Theories
- Cannot explain complex, socially influenced behaviors.
- Cannot explain actions not fulfilling basic needs.
Factors Influencing Mate Preferences
-
Men:
- Physical attraction, confidence, personal growth, social status, masculinity.
- Standards increase based on own accomplishments.
-
Women:
- Traits, emotional support
- Emphasis on emotional connection and intelligence.
- Desire for long-term investments.
-
Intelligence:
- Women prefer slightly above average intelligence for casual dates, and higher for longer-term relationships.
- Women have lower criteria for sexual partners compared to men.
- Men have similar criteria for dates and long-term partners.
Gender Differences in Mate Preferences
- Men often prioritize physical attraction, while women prioritize emotional connection and financial stability.
Sociocultural Factors Influencing Mate Preferences
- Women's lower economic potential: Limited opportunities for equal earning power.
- Cultural suppression of female sexuality: Expectations of shyness and modesty.
Parental Investment Theory
- The sex investing more in offspring has higher standards.
- Women are choosier due to a higher parental investment.
- Men are more competitive in attracting partners.
Mate Preferences in Same-Sex Relationships
-
Gay Men:
- Similar to straight men in preferring youth, physical attraction, and de-emphasizing status and resources.
-
Lesbian Women:
- Preferences for youth.
- Less emphasis on attractiveness compared to straight women.
Emotions
- Three Components:
- Cognitive label: Hundreds of emotions.
- Emotional expression: Facial expressions.
- Arousal: Body reactions.
Primary Emotions
- Joy, anger, fear, surprise, sadness, interest/awe, disgust.
Secondary Emotions
- Love, guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride, envy, jealousy.
James-Lange Theory
- Specific arousal leads to labeling of that feeling.
- Seeing a bear causes a heart race (arousal), which then leads to feeling scared.
Cannon-Bard Theory
- Emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously.
- Seeing a scary dog triggers both fear and a racing heart at the same time.
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
- Body sensations and cognitive interpretation contribute to emotional experience.
- Example: If your heart races when you see a bear, you label it as fear because the situation is scary.
Emotional Expression
- Present from a young age.
Relationship Between Primary and Secondary Emotions
- Primary emotions can cause complex secondary emotions.
Innateness of Emotions
- Primary emotions are innate: Hard-wired facial expressions, early development, heart rate changes.
- Secondary emotions are learned: Shaped by environment and experiences.
Gender Differences in Emotion
- Women are more expressive, detect emotions better, and have higher emotional intelligence.
- However, there is no difference in overall emotionality between genders.
Expression of Specific Emotions
- Men express anger more loudly and aggressively.
- Women express sadness more openly.
Fake vs. Real Smile
- Real smile (Duchenne smile) engages both mouth and eyes, creating crow's feet around the eyes.
- Fake smile involves only the mouth.
Cultural Differences in Emotional Expression
- Cultures have social rules regarding emotional display.
- Eastern cultures: Less open expression, more reserved.
- Western cultures: More open and expressive.
Functionality of Emotions
- Motivate specific behaviors.
- Example: Fear leads to avoidance of danger, disgust leads to avoidance of contagion.
Nervous System Role in Emotions
-
Autonomic Nervous System:
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Activates fight or flight response, increasing heart rate, breathing, and energy.
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: Calms the body after danger, slows heart rate and promotes relaxation.
- Brain: Amygdala processes emotions.
- Prefrontal Cortex: Regulates and interprets emotions.
- Hormonal Response: Adrenaline release.
Misattribution of Arousal Study
- Men on a dangerous bridge misattributed their physiological arousal from fear to attraction towards the woman.
Schachter's Studies
- Adrenaline injections influenced emotional experience based on the environment.
- Happy environment = happy feelings.
- Frustrating environment = angry feelings.
Emotions are shaped by surrounding circumstances:
- Our feelings are influenced by our interpretation of the situation and our physiological state.
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Description
Explore key concepts in psychology related to prejudice, self-handicapping, and the self-fulfilling prophecy. This quiz delves into how beliefs, assumptions, and expectations shape our interactions with others. Test your understanding of these psychological phenomena and their implications on society.