Social Psychology: Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Prejudice
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Questions and Answers

What was the result of telling teachers that some students were on the verge of an intellectual growth spurt?

  • No change in their IQ scores
  • A decrease in their IQ scores compared to the control group
  • An increase in their IQ scores compared with those in the control group (correct)
  • Their IQ scores became fixed and unchangeable

    • What is a group, according to Myers et al. (2010)?

  • Two or more people who perceive one another as 'us'
  • Two or more people who interact with and influence one another
  • A collection of people with similar interests
  • Two or more people who interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as 'us' (correct)

    • What is the term for the ways in which people who are members of groups think about, feel about, perceive and act towards members of other groups?

  • Stereotyping
  • Social identity
  • Intergroup relations (correct)
  • Prejudice

    • What is the result of the self-fulfilling prophecy shown in the study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)?

    <p>The students' IQ scores increase and the teachers evaluate them more favorably</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main theme of Lecture 4, Part A?

    <p>Intergroup relations, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who conducted the study on the self-fulfilling prophecy in education?

    <p>Rosenthal and Jacobson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of collective action?

    <p>Acting as a representative of the group to benefit the entire group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for people who are born with genetic, hormonal, or physical sex characteristics that are not typically 'male' or 'female'?

    <p>Intersex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between gender identity and biological sex?

    <p>Gender identity is a person's deeply felt sense of being a man or woman, while biological sex is assigned at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a person's deeply felt, inherent sense of being a man, woman, or alternative gender?

    <p>Gender identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the label assigned at birth, typically categorized as male, female, or intersex, as determined by sex chromosomes, gonads, internal reproductive organs, and external genitalia?

    <p>Biological sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Lecture 5, Part A?

    <p>Gender identity, roles, and stereotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason the door-in-the-face technique is effective?

    <p>Due to the perceptual contrast of the initial and second requests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pressure to respond to changes in a bargaining position?

    <p>Reciprocal concessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the average number of shocks administered by participants in the Milgram Study?

    <p>27 out of 30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of moving the Milgram Study from Yale to a run-down urban office?

    <p>Obedience dropped to 48%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of participants in the Milgram Study delivered the ultimate punishment of 450 volts?

    <p>65% of participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to obedience when the experimenter was replaced by an ordinary person in the Milgram Study?

    <p>Obedience dropped to 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of power for non-conformists?

    <p>The style of their behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Moscovici, what is the first step to social influence?

    <p>Unwavering repetition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do idiosyncrasy credits allow a person to do?

    <p>Tolerate a certain amount of deviance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the 'conform to dissent' strategy?

    <p>To gain social influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Social Impact Theory?

    <p>Compliance and obedience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of compliance?

    <p>Changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of inferring attitudes from involuntary physical reactions?

    <p>It only tells the intensity of the attitude, not whether it is positive or negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using facial electromyography (EMG) in measuring attitudes?

    <p>It is a more covert way of collecting attitude measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

    <p>To measure conceptual associations between pairs of concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an implicit attitude, as defined in the context of the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

    <p>An attitude that is not aware of having and cannot be reported on a questionnaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the assumed link between attitudes and behavior?

    <p>People take for granted that attitudes influence behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using non-verbal measures of attitudes?

    <p>To solve self-report issues in measuring attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Non-Verbal Measures

    • Collecting indirect/covert measures of attitudes can solve self-report issues
    • Observable behaviour: facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language
    • Involuntary physical reactions: heart rate, perspiration, and pupil dilation (only indicate intensity of attitude, not positivity or negativity)

    Facial Electromyography (EMG) and Electroencephalograph (EEG)

    • EMG: measures facial muscle activity
    • EEG: detects, amplifies, and records electrical activity in the brain using scalp electrodes

    Implicit Attitudes

    • Implicit attitude: an attitude, such as prejudice, that a person is not aware of having
    • Implicit Association Test (IAT): measures conceptual association between pairs of concepts based on response speed
    • IAT demonstration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hr9xAcWv790

    Attitudes and Behaviour

    • Link between attitude and behaviour: people assume attitudes influence behaviour
    • Majority influence: powerful due to sheer numbers
    • Minority influence: effective when unwavering repetition draws attention, signals consistency, and leads to pressure to seek compromise

    Alternative Approaches

    • Goal of influencing the majority: first conform to establish credentials, then dissent (conform to dissent strategy)
    • Idiosyncrasy credits: interpersonal credits earned by following group norms, allowing for deviance

    Social Influence

    • Conformity: changes in behaviour due to group norms
    • Compliance: changes in behaviour elicited by direct requests
    • Obedience: behaviour change produced by the commands of authority

    Compliance

    • Changes in behaviour that are elicited by direct requests (Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968)
    • Self-fulfilling prophecy and social anxiety

    Intergroup Relations

    • Group: two or more people who interact and influence one another, perceiving themselves as "us"
    • Intergroup relations: perceptions and actions towards members of other groups
    • Key concepts: categorization, social identity approach, and other theories
    • Cognitive: schema and stereotyping
    • Affective: emotions and prejudice
    • Behaviour: discrimination

    Prejudice Reduction

    • Intergroup contact: reducing prejudice through interaction
    • Common ingroup identity model: promoting shared identity
    • Dual identity model: recognizing both individual and group identities
    • Collective action: group members acting to improve group conditions

    Gender Identity

    • Gender identity: a person's deeply felt sense of being a girl, woman, or female; a boy, man, or male; or an alternative gender
    • Biological sex: label assigned at birth, categorized by sex chromosomes, gonads, internal reproductive organs, and external genitalia
    • Intersex: people born with genetic, hormonal, or physical sex characteristics that are not typically male or female

    Obedience

    • Obedience: behaviour change produced by the commands of authority
    • Milgram study: experimenter, teacher, and learner, with verbal prods to continue administering shocks
    • Worldwide consistency or variation in obedience: cultural diversity

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    Description

    Test your understanding of the self-fulfilling prophecy, social anxiety, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination in the context of social psychology. This quiz covers the concepts discussed in Lecture 3 and 4 of PY3102 Social Psychology.

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