Social Psychology: Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Prejudice

30 Questions

What was the result of telling teachers that some students were on the verge of an intellectual growth spurt?

An increase in their IQ scores compared with those in the control group

What is a group, according to Myers et al. (2010)?

Two or more people who interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as 'us'

What is the term for the ways in which people who are members of groups think about, feel about, perceive and act towards members of other groups?

Intergroup relations

What is the result of the self-fulfilling prophecy shown in the study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)?

The students' IQ scores increase and the teachers evaluate them more favorably

What is the main theme of Lecture 4, Part A?

Intergroup relations, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

Who conducted the study on the self-fulfilling prophecy in education?

Rosenthal and Jacobson

What is the primary focus of collective action?

Acting as a representative of the group to benefit the entire group

What is the term for people who are born with genetic, hormonal, or physical sex characteristics that are not typically 'male' or 'female'?

Intersex

What is the primary difference between gender identity and biological sex?

Gender identity is a person's deeply felt sense of being a man or woman, while biological sex is assigned at birth

What is the term for a person's deeply felt, inherent sense of being a man, woman, or alternative gender?

Gender identity

What is the term for the label assigned at birth, typically categorized as male, female, or intersex, as determined by sex chromosomes, gonads, internal reproductive organs, and external genitalia?

Biological sex

What is the primary focus of Lecture 5, Part A?

Gender identity, roles, and stereotypes

What is the primary reason the door-in-the-face technique is effective?

Due to the perceptual contrast of the initial and second requests

What is the term for the pressure to respond to changes in a bargaining position?

Reciprocal concessions

What was the average number of shocks administered by participants in the Milgram Study?

27 out of 30

What was the result of moving the Milgram Study from Yale to a run-down urban office?

Obedience dropped to 48%

What percentage of participants in the Milgram Study delivered the ultimate punishment of 450 volts?

65% of participants

What happened to obedience when the experimenter was replaced by an ordinary person in the Milgram Study?

Obedience dropped to 20%

What is the primary source of power for non-conformists?

The style of their behavior

According to Moscovici, what is the first step to social influence?

Unwavering repetition

What do idiosyncrasy credits allow a person to do?

Tolerate a certain amount of deviance

What is the goal of the 'conform to dissent' strategy?

To gain social influence

What is the focus of the Social Impact Theory?

Compliance and obedience

What is the definition of compliance?

Changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests

What is a limitation of inferring attitudes from involuntary physical reactions?

It only tells the intensity of the attitude, not whether it is positive or negative

What is the main advantage of using facial electromyography (EMG) in measuring attitudes?

It is a more covert way of collecting attitude measures

What is the primary goal of the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

To measure conceptual associations between pairs of concepts

What is an implicit attitude, as defined in the context of the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

An attitude that is not aware of having and cannot be reported on a questionnaire

What is the assumed link between attitudes and behavior?

People take for granted that attitudes influence behavior

What is the main purpose of using non-verbal measures of attitudes?

To solve self-report issues in measuring attitudes

Study Notes

Non-Verbal Measures

Collecting indirect/covert measures of attitudes can solve self-report issues
Observable behaviour: facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language
Involuntary physical reactions: heart rate, perspiration, and pupil dilation (only indicate intensity of attitude, not positivity or negativity)

Facial Electromyography (EMG) and Electroencephalograph (EEG)

EMG: measures facial muscle activity
EEG: detects, amplifies, and records electrical activity in the brain using scalp electrodes

Implicit Attitudes

Implicit attitude: an attitude, such as prejudice, that a person is not aware of having
Implicit Association Test (IAT): measures conceptual association between pairs of concepts based on response speed
IAT demonstration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hr9xAcWv790

Attitudes and Behaviour

Link between attitude and behaviour: people assume attitudes influence behaviour
Majority influence: powerful due to sheer numbers
Minority influence: effective when unwavering repetition draws attention, signals consistency, and leads to pressure to seek compromise

Alternative Approaches

Goal of influencing the majority: first conform to establish credentials, then dissent (conform to dissent strategy)
Idiosyncrasy credits: interpersonal credits earned by following group norms, allowing for deviance

Conformity: changes in behaviour due to group norms
Compliance: changes in behaviour elicited by direct requests
Obedience: behaviour change produced by the commands of authority

Compliance

Changes in behaviour that are elicited by direct requests (Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968)
Self-fulfilling prophecy and social anxiety

Intergroup Relations

Group: two or more people who interact and influence one another, perceiving themselves as "us"
Intergroup relations: perceptions and actions towards members of other groups
Key concepts: categorization, social identity approach, and other theories
Cognitive: schema and stereotyping
Affective: emotions and prejudice
Behaviour: discrimination

Prejudice Reduction

Intergroup contact: reducing prejudice through interaction
Common ingroup identity model: promoting shared identity
Dual identity model: recognizing both individual and group identities
Collective action: group members acting to improve group conditions

Gender Identity

Gender identity: a person's deeply felt sense of being a girl, woman, or female; a boy, man, or male; or an alternative gender
Biological sex: label assigned at birth, categorized by sex chromosomes, gonads, internal reproductive organs, and external genitalia
Intersex: people born with genetic, hormonal, or physical sex characteristics that are not typically male or female

Obedience

Obedience: behaviour change produced by the commands of authority
Milgram study: experimenter, teacher, and learner, with verbal prods to continue administering shocks
Worldwide consistency or variation in obedience: cultural diversity

Test your understanding of the self-fulfilling prophecy, social anxiety, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination in the context of social psychology. This quiz covers the concepts discussed in Lecture 3 and 4 of PY3102 Social Psychology.

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