Psychology Perspectives and Theories Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between mind-body dualism and mind-body monism?

Monism argues that mental activity is separate from physical events.

Dualism believes that mind and matter are the same substance.

Monism asserts that mental events can occur without any physical brain activity.

Dualism posits that mind and matter are fundamentally different substances. (correct)

Which concept emphasizes the functions of consciousness over its structure?

Structuralism

Functionalism (correct)

Behaviourism

Cognitivism

What method did Structuralism primarily use to study sensations?

Introspection (correct)

Surveys and questionnaires

Behavioral observation

Experiments in natural settings

The focus of the Cognitive Perspective in psychology is primarily on which aspect?

Mental processes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of the Behavioural Perspective?

Study of observable behaviors and their relationship to stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which early psychological school was criticized for its subjectivity?

Structuralism Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective on behavior emphasizes the importance of adapting to the environment?

Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

What basic idea does monism support regarding mental events?

They are inseparable from physical brain activities. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the prototype view of concepts?

It is based on idealized representations rather than real instances. Signup and view all the answers

How does the exemplar view categorize new instances?

By comparing them to multiple previous examples or instances. Signup and view all the answers

What does the prototype view explain about categorization?

Why certain members are seen as more typical than others. Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the exemplar view?

It does not explain which instances are stored as exemplars. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT discussed in the prototype view limitations?

All features of a category must be present for membership. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to provide strict definitions of concepts according to both views?

Because definitions can vary based on the individual's perception. Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates the challenges of the exemplar view?

Tomatoes can be categorized as both fruits and vegetables. Signup and view all the answers

Why might one instance be regarded as more typical than another within a category?

It is based on subjective experience and context. Signup and view all the answers

What does the anomaly in semantics refer to?

A situation where a meaning is considered abnormal or illogical Signup and view all the answers

Which maxim of conversation emphasizes the need to provide as much information as necessary but not more?

Quantity Signup and view all the answers

What do listeners rely on to restore missing phonemes during speech perception?

The context of the sentence Signup and view all the answers

Why is the statement 'My cat is not an animal' considered a self-contradiction?

Cats are inherently classified as animals Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between 'John is not old enough' and 'John is too young' depicts which semantic concept?

Synonymy Signup and view all the answers

What was the average number of ideas recalled by participants when context was provided before a passage, according to Bransford and Johnson (1972)?

8 ideas Signup and view all the answers

Which type of speech production error involves substituting sounds incorrectly while speaking?

Sound substitutions Signup and view all the answers

In phonemic restoration, listeners are able to fill in missing phonemes because of what factor?

Linguistic context and cues Signup and view all the answers

What role does context play in the interpretation of ambiguous phrases like 'THEY BHKE'?

It guides expectations and prior knowledge to make sense of unclear information. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes bottom-up models of perception?

They do not consider the influence of prior knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What is change blindness?

The failure to notice significant changes in objects or scenes. Signup and view all the answers

How does top-down processing differ from bottom-up processing?

Top-down processing uses expectations to interpret sensory information. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon does the example of recognizing a shape in a dimly lit room illustrate?

Top-down processing influenced by prior experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents a top-down process?

Deciphering a jumbled word based on surrounding text. Signup and view all the answers

What might cause a person to fail to notice a change in their environment?

Their focus on a specific detail. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of top-down processing in perception?

It simplifies complex interpretations through expectations. Signup and view all the answers

What does working backward involve?

Creating sub-goals and reducing differences to the goal state Signup and view all the answers

In the tumor problem, what was the solution proposed for treating the tumor?

Send weak rays from various angles to converge at the tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of reasoning by analogy?

It allows individuals to apply solutions from one situation to another Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of participants who were informed about the hint in the General's story solved the tumor problem correctly?

75% Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential misunderstanding of working backward?

Focusing only on the final state without recognizing the journey Signup and view all the answers

Which conceptual approach is involved in the induction of an abstract schema?

Moving beyond details to find relevant structures in problems Signup and view all the answers

What role did the story of the General serve in solving the tumor problem?

It offered a relevant analogy that aided in problem-solving Signup and view all the answers

What method is suggested for improving study habits by working backward?

Identifying necessary steps to achieve a better understanding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the behavioural perspective in psychology?

The impact of external environmental factors on actions Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for the regulation of basic biological functions such as hunger and thirst?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the occipital lobe in the human brain?

Visual processing and interpretation Signup and view all the answers

Which method is often used to determine how brain structure and function relate to cognitive activities?

Neuroimaging techniques Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is involved in emotional responses and memory formation?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What role does the prefrontal cortex play in cognitive processes?

Involves executive functions like planning and decision making Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes radical behaviourism?

It focuses on observable behaviors rather than mentalism. Signup and view all the answers

The frontal lobe is responsible for which of the following functions?

Voluntary movement and decision-making Signup and view all the answers

What function does the medulla serve in the human body?

Controls vital life functions such as breathing and heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of these areas in the brain is involved with language comprehension?

Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 1 - Learning Outcomes

Students should be able to describe and differentiate mind-body dualism from mind-body monism.
Students should be able to describe and differentiate Structuralism and Functionalism.
Students should be able to describe and differentiate the Cognitive and Behavioral Perspectives of behavior.
What we perceive depends on our perspective.

Learning Outcomes - Perspectives on Behavior

Guides to understanding behavior
Viewpoints to understanding behavior
Different components are prioritized in each viewpoint
Understanding the history and context for studying psychology.
Psychology's intellectual roots: Monism and Dualism
Early schools: Structuralism and Functionalism.
Six Perspectives on Behavior.

Psychology's Intellectual Roots

Monism: Mental activity and brain activity are inseparable. Mental events originate from physical events (e.g., chemical reactions in the brain producing emotions).
Dualism: The idea that minds are one type of substance and matter is another.

Early Schools

Structuralism: Breakdown of the mind into its basic elements (sensations). Used introspection to study sensations.
Functionalism: Focused on the functions of consciousness (e.g., why we have memory). Influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory and the importance of adaptation.

Lecture 2: The Brain

Major regions of the brain and associated functions.
Different methods of investigation for brain research.
Brain structure mapping onto brain function.
Development of general brain regions (overview).

Brain Structure (The Human Brain)

Hindbrain: Transmitting information from the spinal cord to the brain, regulating life support functions, and maintaining balance.
Midbrain: Transferring information between parts of the brain
Forebrain: Cognitive processes, such as memory, language, planning, and reasoning.

Parts of the Cerebral Cortex

Frontal lobe: Controls voluntary movement, reasoning, planning, problem-solving, and decision-making
Temporal lobe: Important for memory, language comprehension, taste, and smell. Plays a role in emotional responses and facial recognition.
Occipital lobe: Primarily responsible for visual processing (color, light, movement, and object recognition).
Parietal lobe: Important for processing sensory information (touch, temperature, pain, and spatial awareness), and managing coordination of hand-eye movements.

Subcortical Structures in the Brain

Amygdala: Emotion, Aggression, Memory.
Hippocampus: Learning, Memory, Emotion.
Hypothalamus: Basic biological functions such as hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual arousal.
Cerebellum: Coordinated movement, language, and thinking.
Medulla: Regulates vital functions (breathing and heart rate).
Thalamus: Sensory information relay; memory.
Spinal Cord: Transmitting signals between the brain and rest of the body.

Lecture 3: Perspectives on Perception

What are Gestalt approaches to perception (discussed in class)?
What are bottom-up models of perception (discussed in class)?
What are bottom-up/top-down processes in perception?
Differentiate between types of visual agnosia

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

Proximity: Grouping together things that are close to each other.
Similarity: Grouping things that look alike.
Continuity: Grouping things that are on a continuous straight or curved line.
Closure: Mentally filling in gaps in a figure to perceive a complete whole.
Common Fate: Grouping together things that move in the same direction or have a common fate.

Bottom-up Processes; Template Matching

Comparing incoming information to stored templates.
A template that best matches the pattern will be identified.
Issues: Lots of templates needed.

Bottom-up Processes; Featural Analysis

Recognition of an object depends on recognizing its features.
Components/parts are recognized to infer the whole
Features that can be combined in different ways.
Steps in recognition: Recognising features then recognising combinations of features and identifying the object.
Issues: No widely accepted definition of a feature, if the same set of features could apply to every object the list of potential features could be huge.
Examples include visual search.

Bottom-up Processes: Prototype Matching (Model)

Matching incoming information to a stored representation or prototype.
A precise match is not required.
Accounts for adaptability in recognizing objects; flexibility over template matching.

Top-down Processes

The “perceptual expectancy” or “conceptually driven"
Using previous knowledge and expectations to interpret ambiguous information.
(e.g. interpreting "THEY BHKE" as "THEY BIKE" based knowledge of words).
Change blindness: Inability to notice significant changes that occur in visual environment.
(e.g. letters are easier to perceive in the context of a word compared to an unfamiliar context or no context at all - Word Superiority Effect ).

Disruptions of Perception (NOT ON THE TEST)

Visual agnosia: problems interpreting visual information.
Apperceptive agnosia: difficulty with sensory processing and representation of visual objects.
Associative agnosia: difficulty connecting visual information with prior knowledge.
Examples include: problems with object recognition, problems with facial recognition (like prosopagnosia).

Lecture 4 - Attention

Selective Attention
Sensory neglect/hemineglect
Divided attention

Models of Selective Attention (Filter Theory; Attenuation Theory; Late-Selection Theory)

Filter Theory: All stimuli are processed physically. Attentional filter determines which information is processed further.
Attenuation Theory: All stimuli are processed in terms of meaning. Important or meaningful stimuli are processed further.
Late Selection Theory: All stimuli are processed fully for meaning. Attentional processes determine which stimuli are given more attention.

Disruptions of Attention: Sensory Neglect / Hemineglect

Patients with parietal lobe damage may neglect or ignore one side of their visual or body space.
Typical symptoms include issues with neglect or ignoring one side of their visual field (Left visual field often affected for example).

Lecture 5 - Working Memory

Central Executive
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad

Lecture 6 - Long-Term Memory and Short-Term Memory

Distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory using the serial position curve.
Primacy effect: Better memory for items at the beginning of a list due to encoding into long term memory.
Recency effect: Better memory for items at the end of a list due to the items still being in short-term memory.
Short-term memory: Limited capacity place for holding information for short periods.
Long-term memory: Large capacity place for holding information for longer periods (indefinitely).

Lecture 7 - Concepts and Categorization

How do we organize our knowledge?
How do we predict behaviour of new stimuli?
Concept formation: How are concepts formed?
Stereotyping (using concepts to categorize/predict behaviour of/about people).

Lecture 8 - Imagery and Memory

The method of loci: Creating mental images of locations and associating items to be remembered with those locations.
Pegword method: Using easily recalled words (e.g., one-bun, two-shoe) as pegs, and then creating vivid images linking these words, with the item to be remembered.

Lecture 9 - Language

Structure of language(phonemes, morphemes, syntax, and semantics).
Speech production and comprehension.
Types of language.
Language comprehension and production deficits.

Lecture 10 - Problem Solving and Creativity

Different types of thinking
Focused thinking
Unfocused thinking
Different types of problems (well-defined, ill-defined).
Problem-solving techniques, such as means-ends analysis, working backward, reasoning by analogy, generate-and-test.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various psychological perspectives such as dualism, monism, and cognitive theories. Explore key concepts like structuralism, behaviorism, and the prototype and exemplar views of categorization. This quiz challenges you to differentiate between important ideas and understand their implications in psychology.