Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to Erikson's Theory of Development, which stage occurs during the preschool years (3-6 years)?
According to Erikson's Theory of Development, which stage occurs during the preschool years (3-6 years)?
Which theorist is associated with the psychoanalytical perspective of development?
Which theorist is associated with the psychoanalytical perspective of development?
According to Erikson's Theory of Development, which stage occurs during the first year of life?
According to Erikson's Theory of Development, which stage occurs during the first year of life?
Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by abstract thinking and hypothetico-deductive reasoning?
Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by abstract thinking and hypothetico-deductive reasoning?
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What is the key feature of post-formal thinking?
What is the key feature of post-formal thinking?
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According to the information-processing theory, how does knowledge develop in individuals?
According to the information-processing theory, how does knowledge develop in individuals?
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According to Piaget's Cognitive Stages, which stage is characterized by the development of object permanence?
According to Piaget's Cognitive Stages, which stage is characterized by the development of object permanence?
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According to Marcia's identity status model, which stage is focused on establishing identity in adolescence?
According to Marcia's identity status model, which stage is focused on establishing identity in adolescence?
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According to operant conditioning (Skinner), what is the purpose of positive reinforcement?
According to operant conditioning (Skinner), what is the purpose of positive reinforcement?
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According to the social cognitive learning theory (Bandura), how are behaviors primarily learned?
According to the social cognitive learning theory (Bandura), how are behaviors primarily learned?
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According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, which level of the environment includes systems that affect the child's experiences in immediate settings such as workplace environments and community health services?
According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, which level of the environment includes systems that affect the child's experiences in immediate settings such as workplace environments and community health services?
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According to Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what is the term used to describe activities that a child can almost perform, but requires guidance to accomplish?
According to Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what is the term used to describe activities that a child can almost perform, but requires guidance to accomplish?
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According to the concept of social clocks, what do cultural and generational differences reflect?
According to the concept of social clocks, what do cultural and generational differences reflect?
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Which type of reflex is important for balance, stability, and muscle tone?
Which type of reflex is important for balance, stability, and muscle tone?
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Which theory of aging focuses on the breakdown of cells, tissues, and organs?
Which theory of aging focuses on the breakdown of cells, tissues, and organs?
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Which model of social competence involves attending to and encoding social cues, constructing or retrieving a response, and evaluating its efficacy?
Which model of social competence involves attending to and encoding social cues, constructing or retrieving a response, and evaluating its efficacy?
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Which type of play involves the child wandering about and watching whatever is of momentary interest?
Which type of play involves the child wandering about and watching whatever is of momentary interest?
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Which type of play involves children playing side by side in close proximity with an awareness of each other, often using the same toys or engaging in similar activities, but without sharing, talking, or interacting much?
Which type of play involves children playing side by side in close proximity with an awareness of each other, often using the same toys or engaging in similar activities, but without sharing, talking, or interacting much?
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Which type of play involves children engaging in a common activity and talking about it with each other, but without assigning tasks or roles to particular individuals and without having clear goals?
Which type of play involves children engaging in a common activity and talking about it with each other, but without assigning tasks or roles to particular individuals and without having clear goals?
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Which type of play involves children consciously forming into a group to make something, attain a goal, or dramatize a situation, with one or two members organizing and directing the activity, and children assuming different roles and responsibilities?
Which type of play involves children consciously forming into a group to make something, attain a goal, or dramatize a situation, with one or two members organizing and directing the activity, and children assuming different roles and responsibilities?
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Study Notes
Erikson's Theory of Development
- The preschool years (ages 3-6) correspond to the Initiative vs. Guilt stage, where children assert control and power over their environment.
- The first year of life is characterized by the Trust vs. Mistrust stage, emphasizing the importance of nurturing and responsive care.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget's Cognitive Stages include the Sensorimotor stage, where object permanence develops, allowing children to understand that objects continue to exist even when not seen.
- Abstract thinking and hypothetico-deductive reasoning occur in the Formal Operational stage of cognitive development.
- Post-formal thinking features the ability to think more flexibly and relativistically, acknowledging that complexity and ambiguity exist in real-world problems.
Information-Processing Theory
- According to the information-processing theory, knowledge develops through attention, encoding, and retrieval processes, emphasizing a gradual and mechanism-driven accumulation of information.
Identity and Social Development
- Marcia's identity status model identifies the Moratorium stage, focused on exploration and establishing a sense of identity during adolescence.
- Cultural and generational differences reflected in social clocks denote the timing of social events (like marriages and careers) dictated by societal norms.
Behavioral Theories
- In operant conditioning, positive reinforcement serves to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior by providing a rewarding stimulus following the behavior.
- Bandura's social cognitive learning theory asserts that behaviors are primarily learned through observation and modeling of others' actions.
Ecological Systems Theory
- Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory includes the Exosystem level, which encompasses external environments that indirectly influence the child's development, such as parents' workplaces and community services.
Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory
- The term "Zone of Proximal Development" describes activities that a child can nearly perform independently but requires guidance to achieve, highlighting the role of social interaction.
Reflexes and Aging
- The righting reflex is fundamental for maintaining balance, stability, and muscle tone in young children.
- The cell breakdown theory focuses on the aging process related to the degeneration of cells, tissues, and organs over time.
Social Competence Model
- The model of social competence emphasizes the processes of attending to, encoding social cues, constructing responses, and evaluating their effectiveness in social interactions.
Types of Play
- Unoccupied play involves children exploring and engaging with whatever interests them at any moment, without a focused activity.
- Parallel play features children playing side by side, using similar toys or engaging in comparable activities, with minimal interaction.
- Associative play occurs when children participate in a shared activity and communicate with each other but do not assign roles or establish specific goals.
- Cooperative play involves organized group activities where children collaborate to achieve a common goal, often with designated roles and responsibilities among participants.
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Description
Test your knowledge of major theoretical perspectives in psychology, including Freud's psychoanalytical theory, Erikson's expanded neo-Freudian theory, Skinner's learning theory, Bandura's social learning theory, Pavlov's classical conditioning, Piaget's cognitive theory, information-processing theory, Bronfenbrenner's contextual theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and adult-specific theories like normative-crisis and timing-of-events. Challenge yourself to understand the different stages of development
