NEURO EXAM
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Questions and Answers

What is important to understand about a patient's premorbid personality?

  • It helps in assessing the patient's current mood tone.
  • It is irrelevant for understanding cognitive-behavioral history.
  • It provides insight into how the patient will respond to treatment. (correct)
  • It determines the effectiveness of standardized tests.

Which of the following information should be obtained during the demographic data assessment?

  • History of sports participation
  • General practitioner referral details (correct)
  • Patient's favorite hobbies
  • Current medication list

What does awareness of deficits or illness in a patient indicate?

  • An ability to self-treat effectively.
  • A robust cognitive function.
  • Possible cognitive impairments. (correct)
  • A lack of understanding about their condition.

Which assessment method is not part of the demographic data gathering process?

<p>Speech and comprehension assessment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary purposes of conducting a patient interview?

<p>To evaluate emotional and cognitive skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process represents the conversion of sensory stimuli to action potentials?

<p>Transduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the visual pathway is responsible for relaying messages to the primary visual cortex (V1)?

<p>Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes perception?

<p>The conscious experience and organization of sensations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the perception of sensory stimuli beyond the actual sensory input?

<p>Beliefs, values, and previous experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about sensation is correct?

<p>Sensation involves sensory receptors detecting stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of excitatory neurotransmitter GLU in neuronal communication?

<p>To initiate the firing of the receiving neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes gray matter from white matter in the brain?

<p>Gray matter comprises neuronal cell bodies and synapses, while white matter consists of myelinated axons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction do afferent neurons carry nerve impulses?

<p>From the body towards the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during decussation in the nervous system?

<p>Nerve fibers cross from one side of the medulla to the other (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

<p>To facilitate the diffusion of nutrients and cleaning products around nerve cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a tracer in a PET scan?

<p>To measure metabolic activities in the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which radioisotope is commonly used in PET scans?

<p>18F (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key measurement can PET scans provide about tumors?

<p>Metabolic rate of glucose consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does SPECT differ from PET in terms of spatial resolution?

<p>PET provides higher resolution than SPECT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method does MRI primarily utilize to generate images?

<p>Powerful magnets and radio waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following applications is NOT typical for a SPECT scan?

<p>Detecting aggressive tumors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of malignant cells allows them to be detected using PET scans?

<p>Their increased rate of sugar metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which radioisotope is primarily used in SPECT scans?

<p>Thallium-201 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is agramma/sm primarily associated with in terms of neuroanatomy?

<p>Damage to Broca's area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is most likely associated with paragramma/sm?

<p>Left posterior superior and middle temporal gyri (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of word frequency on lexical-semantic processing?

<p>More resistance to errors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of lexical entries in the semantic lexicon?

<p>Interconnected with semantic relations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does anomia specifically refer to?

<p>Difficulty in retrieving words (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of agramma/sm in spontaneous speech?

<p>Simplicity in sentence construction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes paraphasias?

<p>Substitution of one word by another real word (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of lexical-semantic processing, what role does the age of acquisition play?

<p>Words acquired later are less resistant to errors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'double dissociation' indicate in the study of agramma/sm and paragramma/sm?

<p>Independent lesion correlates for each impairment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the phonological input lexicon's function?

<p>Translates acoustic to semantic representations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes voiced consonants from voiceless consonants?

<p>Voiced consonants are produced with vibration of the vocal cords. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of phonological error involves the exchange of segments within a word?

<p>Metathetical errors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are morphemes defined within the context of language?

<p>Morphemes are the smallest grammatical units in a language that carry meaning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of error is characterized by the substitution of a word with a non-word that retains segments of the intended word?

<p>Phonemic paraphasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between morphology and syntax?

<p>Morphology is concerned with word formation, while syntax governs the arrangement of words in sentences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What error occurs when a syllable from later in a word replaces a syllable from earlier in the same word?

<p>Anticipatory error (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of consonants involves an obstruction created by both lips?

<p>Bilabial consonants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the frequency effect influence phonological decoding?

<p>Higher frequency phonemes are easier to identify and decode. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of error involves the insertion of a segment into the target word?

<p>Epenthetic errors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of language is primarily concerned with the order of words in sentences?

<p>Syntax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of syntactic structures in language comprehension?

<p>To express relationships between the meanings of words. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In aphasics, which type of error refers to the omission of phonemic units?

<p>Phonemic paraphasias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term morphosyntax primarily examine?

<p>The relationship between morphology and syntax. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do paradigmatic errors rely on in terms of sound similarity?

<p>Similarity in how the sounds are formed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition often affects 85% of aphasic patients regarding sentence understanding?

<p>Syntactic structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

The release of glutamate (GLU) from one neuron excites the next, while the release of GABA from another neuron inhibits the next neuron. The balance between these excitatory and inhibitory inputs determines whether the receiving neuron fires.

Grey Matter

Neural cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses. It is the thinking and processing part of the brain.

White Matter

Nerve fibers (axons) covered by the myelin sheath. It enables fast communication between different parts of the brain.

Decussation

The crossing of nerve fibers from one side of the brain to the other at the level of the medulla. This allows each hemisphere to control the opposite side of the body.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A clear fluid that circulates around the central nervous system (CNS). It provides nutrients, removes waste, and protects the brain and spinal cord.

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Neuropsychological Evaluation

The process of gathering information about a patient's background, medical history, and cognitive abilities to understand their overall health and any potential neurological issues.

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Patient Interview

Examining speech, comprehension, mood, attention, and awareness to assess cognitive functions and gather insights into the patient's mental state.

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Standardized Tests / Test Batteries

Standardized tests designed to measure specific cognitive abilities such as memory, attention, language, and problem-solving. These tests help identify areas of weakness and strengths.

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Descriptive Evaluation

The stage of a neuropsychological evaluation focused on understanding the patient's current condition, including their cognitive abilities and limitations, but not necessarily on causes.

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Explanatory Evaluation

The stage of a neuropsychological evaluation that focuses on understanding the causes of cognitive issues, including brain damage, disease, or other factors.

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What is a PET scan?

A medical imaging technique that uses a radioactive tracer to produce 3D images of the brain's activity.

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What are radioactive tracers?

Special molecules injected into the bloodstream during a PET scan that emit gamma rays, allowing for brain activity visualization.

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What are 11C, 13N, 15O, and 18F?

Commonly used radioisotopes in PET scans, they attach to tracers to make them detectable.

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What can a PET scan measure?

A PET scan can reveal how active different parts of the brain are by measuring various functions.

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What is a SPECT scan?

A medical imaging technique that combines CT scans with a radioactive tracer to visualize blood flow in the brain.

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What are common radioisotopes in SPECT scans?

Radioisotopes commonly used in SPECT scans include iodine-123, technetium-99m, xenon-133, thallium-201, and fluorine-18.

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What is an MRI scan?

A medical imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain.

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What can an MRI scan show?

MRI scans can provide a clear view of the brain's structure, including its tissues, nerves, and blood vessels.

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Transduction

The process of converting sensory stimuli into an electrical signal that the brain can interpret.

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Perception

The organization, interpretation, and conscious experience of sensory information.

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Sensory Receptors

Specialized neurons that respond to particular types of stimuli.

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Retinotopic Organization

Refers to the arrangement of ganglion cells in the retina, where neighboring cells in the retina project to neighboring areas in the brain.

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Agnosia

A condition in which a person has difficulty recognizing objects despite having normal vision.

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Agrammatism

The inability to produce grammatically correct sentences, often characterized by the omission of function words and grammatical morphemes (e.g., 'The boy eat apple' instead of 'The boy eats an apple').

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Paragrammatism

Errors in word production, involving the use of incorrect words (e.g., 'cat' for 'dog') or the substitution of real words for intended words (e.g., 'chair' for 'table').

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Syntactic Simplification

The production of simplified syntactic structures in spontaneous speech, often seen in individuals with language impairments.

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Thematic Role Assignment

The ability to correctly assign grammatical roles to words within a sentence (e.g., subject, object, verb).

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Broca's Area

The area in the brain that plays a crucial role in language production, especially syntax and grammar.

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Wernicke's Area

The area in the brain that plays a role in language comprehension and semantic processing, integrating meaning from different sources.

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Lexical Semantics

The branch of linguistics focused on the study of word meanings and their relationships.

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Lexicon

A storehouse of words and their associated meanings within the brain.

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Lexical Entries

Entries in the lexicon, representing the semantic properties of words and their connections to other words.

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Vowels

Speech sounds produced with an open vocal tract, without audible friction, and involving vibration of the vocal cords. Examples include a, e, i, o, u, and y.

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Consonants

Speech sounds produced with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract, creating an obstruction to airflow.

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Voiced Consonants

Consonants produced with vibration of the vocal cords.

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Voiceless Consonants

Consonants produced without vibration of the vocal cords.

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Place of Articulation

The position in the vocal tract where a consonant sound is produced, involving specific speech organs.

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Phonological Selection Errors

Errors in speech production that result in incorrect phonemic sequences, often creating new, non-existing words.

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Phonological Processing Errors

A deficit in phonological processing, characterized by errors involving the substitution, omission, addition, or transposition of phonemic units.

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Anticipatory Error

A type of phonological processing error where a sound from later in a word replaces a sound from earlier in the word.

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Paradigmatic Error

A type of phonological processing error where a sound is replaced by a similar-sounding sound.

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Epenthetic Error

A type of phonological processing error where a sound is inserted into a word.

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Metathetical Error

A type of phonological processing error where sounds in a word are swapped.

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Morphemes

The elementary units of meaning in language, conveying specific information.

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Morphology

The study of how morphemes are combined to form words.

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Syntax

The study of how words are combined to form sentences.

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Morpho-Syntax

The study of the relationship between morphology and syntax, examining how these aspects work together to create meaning.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Neuropsychology

  • Neuropsychology studies the relationship between the brain and behavior, focusing on how brain and/or cerebral alterations affect cognitive functions and behavior.
  • Assessments of cognitive functions are done through standardized tests.
  • Neuropsychologists work with patients to regain cognitive functions and improve daily living skills, offering strategies for coping and support.

Causes of Neuropsychological Disorders

  • Vascular pathologies: ischemic and hemorrhagic pathologies affecting vascular territories, intraparenchymal and subcortical hematomas, etc.
  • Degenerative pathologies: Alzheimer's type-dementia, focal onset dementias, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, and progressive ataxias.
  • Language and Learning disorders: primary language disorders, specific learning disabilities and autism spectrum disorders.
  • Autism Spectrum Disorders: Autism spectrum disorders, psychomotor delay, and isolated and syndromic intellectual disability.

Brain Development

  • Neurogenesis: Generation of new neurons from neural stem cells.
  • Cell migration: Movement of cells to their designated locations in the brain.
  • Cell differentiation: Transformation of stem cells into specialized neurons and glial cells.
  • Cell maturation: Neural progenitor cells developing into neurons and glial cells.
  • Synaptogenesis: Formation of synapses between neurons.
  • Cell death and pruning: Elimination of excess neurons and synapses.
  • Myelogenesis: Formation of myelin, insulating nerve fibers.

Nerve Cells

  • Nerve cells = neurons
  • Neurons send electrical information via synaptic transmission to other neurons and muscles.
  • Active neurons generate tiny magnetic fields.

Neuroanatomy

  • The brain is organized into two hemispheres (left and right) and is divided in five lobes: Frontal lobe, Occipital lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe and Insular lobe (limbic lobe is considered a sixth lobe).
  • The cerebral arteries supply oxygenated blood to the brain, while cerebral veins drain deoxygenated blood.
  • The blood-brain barrier protects brain tissue from harmful elements.
  • The central sulcus is the same as the Rolandic sulcus.
  • The lateral fissure is the same as the Sylvian fissure.

Brain Maturation

  • Brain maturation is related to thinning and pruning.
  • Physiological differences exist between the right and left frontal and occipital lobes in the organization of their respective areas and their connections.
  • There are gender differences in brain structure.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the key concepts related to patient assessments in psychology. This quiz covers topics such as premorbid personality, demographic data collection, and the processes involved in sensory and perceptual understanding. Perfect for psychology students and professionals alike.

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