Psychology Overview Quiz
41 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which approach is primarily associated with classical conditioning?

  • Humanistic psychology
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Evolutionary psychology
  • Behaviorism (correct)

    • Wilhelm Wundt is known for founding the first experimental psychology lab in 1879.

    True

    What are the three components of personality according to Freud?

    Id, Ego, Superego

    The approach that emphasizes human needs and free will is known as __________ psychology.

    <p>Humanistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the psychologists with their contributions:

    <p>Pavlov = Classical conditioning Watson = Behaviorism Skinner = Operant conditioning Maslow = Hierarchy of needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with the cognitive approach?

    <p>Introspection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The evolutionary approach suggests that behavior is solely determined by environmental factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the mere exposure effect?

    <p>Increased liking of a stimulus after repeated exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amygdala is primarily located in the frontal lobes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cognitive dissonance theory?

    <p>To explain the discomfort people feel when their beliefs and behaviors are inconsistent and the motivation to reduce that discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ theory suggests that emotional responses occur simultaneously with physiological arousal.

    <p>Cannon-Bard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following emotions with their corresponding categories:

    <p>Joy = Basic emotion Shame = Self-conscious emotion Empathy = Moral emotion Fear = Basic emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains the role of the rate of firing of hair cells in distinguishing tones?

    <p>Frequency theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The higher the frequency of sound, the slower the basilar membrane vibrates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pheromones?

    <p>Chemicals secreted in the body that produce a physiological response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Light is measured in __________.

    <p>nanometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of light with their wavelengths:

    <p>X-rays = 10^-1 nm Ultraviolet = 10^1 nm Infrared = 10^3 nm Radar = 10^5 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there a problem with frequency theory above 1000Hz?

    <p>Hair cells cannot fire faster due to a refractory period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All animals respond to pheromones in the same way.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to women's menstrual cycles in relation to pheromones?

    <p>They may sync up with each other due to pheromones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ membrane is compared to a guitar string regarding its vibration in response to sound.

    <p>basilar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'anchoring and adjustment heuristic' refer to?

    <p>Making estimates starting from an initial value and adjusting it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-serving bias refers to the tendency to attribute successes to external factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of a situation that demonstrates self-serving bias.

    <p>A student attributes their high exam score to their intelligence but blames a low score on the difficult questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ heuristic is a mental shortcut where people rely on an initial piece of information to make decisions.

    <p>anchoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Self-serving bias = Attributing success to personal factors Anchoring heuristic = Adjusting estimates from an initial value Situational factors = External influences affecting outcomes Dopamine-related behavior = Influence of substances on attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly assumed when one smokes and has friends who smoke?

    <p>There is a higher probability of smoking behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The way a person perceives risks, such as driving versus flying, is influenced by their prior experiences.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain why someone might believe that driving is more dangerous than flying.

    <p>They might have experienced a car accident or know someone who has, leading to a cognitive bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals often see themselves as an _______ for their attitudes and actions.

    <p>anchor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of situational factors?

    <p>Test difficulty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the primacy effect refer to in terms of information processing?

    <p>Earlier information has a stronger influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The negativity bias suggests that negative information has a weaker influence than positive information.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the emotional aspect of a general attitude towards a social group?

    <p>prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ effect suggests that suppressing negative thoughts can lead to them becoming more pronounced.

    <p>rebound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Stereotype = A generalized belief about members of a group Discrimination = Behaviors directed toward others because of group membership Halo effect = Assumption about additional qualities based on known traits Negativity bias = Negative information has stronger influence than positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of schemas relates to the organized knowledge regarding social roles?

    <p>Role schema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intruding thoughts of white bears increase over time when attempted to be suppressed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the halo effect suggest about a person with known positive traits?

    <p>They are assumed to possess additional undisclosed positive qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negativity bias is especially prominent in the domains of __________ and __________.

    <p>sociability, morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes how negative behavior is perceived according to the negativity bias?

    <p>Negative behavior is seen as violating positive expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early Psychology

    • Cartesian Dualism: Separation of mind and body
    • Evil Demon: A hypothetical entity controlling sensory input, questioning the reality of experience.
    • Brain in a Vat: A thought experiment suggesting that reality could be simulated, raising questions about consciousness.
    • Wilhelm Wundt: Established the first psychology lab in 1879, pioneering structuralism and introspection.
    • William James: Key figure in functionalism and author of the first psychology textbook.

    Perspectives in Psychology

    • Behaviourism: Scientific study of observable behavior.
      • Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): Learning through association
      • Operant Conditioning (Skinner): Learning through consequences.
    • Psychodynamic: Focuses on unconscious motivations.
      • Freud: Developed concepts like the Id, Ego, and Superego, and psychosexual stages.
      • Jung: Focused on collective unconscious and archetypes.
    • Humanistic: Emphasizes free will, personal growth, and unique human experience.
      • Rogers: Client-centered therapy, unconditional positive regard.
      • Maslow: Hierarchy of needs for self-actualization.
    • Cognitive: Focuses on mental processes like memory and thinking.
    • Evolutionary: Examines how evolution influences behavior.
    • Biological: Looks at biological causes of behavior.
      • Broca's Area: Found to be associated with speech production.
      • Wernicke's Area: Found to be associated with understanding speech.

    Sensation and Perception

    • Sensation/Perception: Stages of sensory experience.
    • Sensory Processes:
      • Transduction: Physical energy converted to neural energy.
      • Sensory Nerves: Carry neural energy to the brain.
    • Measurement of Senses:
      • Absolute Threshold: Lowest intensity detectable 50% of the time.
      • Difference Threshold: Smallest change detectable.
      • Weber's Law: Difference threshold increases proportionally with the standard intensity.
    • Hearing:
      • Frequency: Pitch (Hertz).
      • Amplitude: Volume (decibels).
      • Timbre: Sound complexity.
      • Place Theory: Different places on the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies.
      • Frequency Theory: The rate of firing of hair cells corresponds to frequency.
      • Volley Theory: Groups of cells fire in alternation to code high frequencies.
    • Smell (Olfactory): Chemical sense.
    • Taste (Gustatory): Chemical sense.
    • Touch: Temperature, pressure, pain.
    • Light (Vision):
    • Electromagnetic Spectrum: Differing wavelengths.
    • Rods: Vision in dim light.
    • Cones: Color vision in bright light.
    • Trichromatic Theory: Three types of cones respond to different wavelengths of light to produce the perception of color.
    • Olfactory Bulb: Processes smell information.
    • Optic Disk: Area where optic nerve exits the eye (blind spot).

    Visual Perception

    • Depth Perception: Ability to judge distance.
      • Binocular Depth Cues: Require both eyes (retinal disparity, convergence).
      • Monocular Depth Cues: Require only one eye (relative size, linear perspective, texture gradient, occlusion, aerial perspective, motion parallax).
    • Perceptual Constancy: Perception of objects remains relatively constant despite changes in sensory input.
      • Size Constancy: Objects maintain the same size regardless of distance.
      • Shape Constancy: Objects maintain the same shape regardless of viewpoint.
      • Color Constancy: Objects appear roughly the same color under varying illumination.
    • Visual Illusions: Demonstrations of how perceptual systems can be tricked.

    Memory

    • Stages of Memory: Sensory memory -> Short-term memory -> Long-term memory.
    • Sensory Memory: Initial stage, brief storage of sensory information.
    • Iconic: Visual sensory memory.
    • Echoic: Auditory sensory memory.
    • Short-Term Memory: Limited capacity, brief duration.
      • Maintenance Rehearsal: Keeping items active in short-term memory (repeating).
      • Elaborative Rehearsal: Transfers information to long-term memory.
    • Long-Term Memory: Relatively enduring storage of information.
    • Types of Long-Term Memory:
      • Episodic: Memories of specific events.
      • Semantic: General knowledge.
    • Flashbulb Memories: Vivid memories of highly significant events.
    • Levels of Processing: Deeper processing leads to better memory.

    Social Psychology

    • Social Influence:
      • Compliance: Changing behavior in response to a direct request.
      • Obedience: Changing behavior in response to a directive from an authority figure.
      • Conformity: Changing behavior to match the actions of others.
    • Attribution Theory: Explaining the causes of behavior (internal vs external, situational vs dispositional).
      • Actor-Observer Bias: Tendency to attribute our own behaviors to situational factors and others' behaviors to dispositional factors.
      • Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency to overestimate the influence of dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.
      • Correspondent Inference Theory: Attributing behavior to corresponding personal characteristics.
    • Cognitive Biases:
      • False Consensus Effect: Believing that our own views are more common than they are.
      • Confirmation Bias: Seeking out information that confirms existing beliefs.
      • Availability Heuristic: Estimating the frequency of events based on how easily memories or examples come to mind.
    • Social Cognition: Ways in which people process information about others.
      • Social Loafing: reduced effort by individuals in a group compared to working alone
      • Groupthink: conformity is prioritised, individuality lost
      • Group Polarization: The tendency for group discussion to strengthen the initial leanings of group members, causing opinions to become more extreme over time
    • Prejudice: Emotional aspect; Stereotype: Cognitive aspect; Discrimination: Behavioural aspect
    • Bystander Intervention Effect: The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help in an emergency if other people are present.

    Health Psychology

    • Stress: Physiological and psychological response to perceived threats or challenges.
      • Stressors: Events or situations that trigger stress.
      • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Three-stage process of response to stress :alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
    • Cognitive Appraisal: Personal interpretation of a situation's threat or challenge.
      • Hardiness: Ability to view stress as a challenge rather than a threat.
      • Perceived Control: Sense of influence over a situation.
    • Coping: Strategies for managing stress.
      • Problem-focused coping: Addressing the source of stress.
      • Emotion-focused coping: Managing emotional response to stress.

    Developmental Psychology

    • Cognitive Development (Piaget): stages of cognitive development
      • Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Understanding object permanence and basic symbolic thought.
      • Preoperational (2-7 years): Symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration.
      • Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Logical thinking for concrete situations, conservation.
      • Formal Operational (11+ years): Abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.
    • Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky): Focus on social interactions and cultural contexts in cognitive development.
      • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Range of skills the individual can acquire with assistance.
      • Scaffolding: Temporary support provided to help learners master new skills.

    Clinical Psychology

    • Mental Disorders: Maladaptive behaviors causing distress and impaired functioning,
    • Causes:
      • Biological factors: Genetics, brain chemistry, neurology.
      • Psychological factors: Stress, experiences, thought patterns.
      • Sociocultural factors: Culture, social environment.
    • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): Classification system for mental disorders.
    • Psychological/Mental Treatments:
      • Psychoanalysis: Focus on unconscious conflicts.
      • Cognitive-behavioral therapy: Focus on changing thoughts and behaviors.
      • Humanistic therapy: Focus on self-actualization and personal growth.
      • Biological treatments: Medication, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Intro To Psych PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in psychology, including classical conditioning, personality components, and various psychological approaches. This quiz covers influential psychologists and their contributions, as well as theories explaining human behavior and cognition.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser