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Questions and Answers
Which branch of psychology focuses on how our biology influences immediate behavior, such as sleep and drug use?
Who is credited as the father of cognitive psychology and coined the term itself?
Which psychological approach emphasizes environmental influences and current needs for love and acceptance?
What model suggests that health is influenced by multiple interacting variables?
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Which of the following theories focuses on the stable personality traits referred to as the Big Five?
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Which psychological approach is primarily concerned with how individuals relate to society?
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Which psychological approach involves the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders?
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What aspect of psychology applies theoretical principles in workplace settings?
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Which psychologist is associated with the concept of unconditional positive regard in therapy?
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Which psychological perspective suggests that behaviors are adaptations based on evolutionary processes?
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What is the primary focus of applied research in psychology?
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Which type of psychologist specializes in using psychotherapy to treat individuals with psychological disorders?
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What is the minimum level of education generally required to become a clinical psychologist?
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What distinguishes basic research from applied research?
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Which of the following best characterizes the role of industrial-organizational psychologists?
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What degree is typically awarded to those who complete a master's program in psychology?
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Which professional is primarily a medical doctor specializing in treating mental disorders with drugs?
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What is a common setting for applied psychologists to work?
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What type of degree is generally associated with pursuing a Ph.D. in psychology?
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Which group primarily focuses on teaching and conducting research within academic institutions?
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What is the main focus of applied research in psychology?
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Which degree is generally not required to become a clinical psychologist?
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Which type of psychologist is most likely to work in educational settings?
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What differentiates basic research from applied research in psychology?
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Which branch of psychology involves assessing and treating psychological disorders?
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How long does a typical PhD program in psychology typically take?
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Which professional is primarily focused on research and teaching within academic settings?
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What type of professional primarily uses psychotherapy to treat individuals with psychological disorders?
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How many quiz scores are counted toward the final grade?
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Which psychological perspective focuses on the study of immediate and lasting behaviors influenced by biology?
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What is generally the first step in the educational path to becoming a psychologist?
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Which type of research is more likely to be conducted by psychologists working in a corporate environment?
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Who developed the concept of the hierarchy of needs in psychology?
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Which of the following emphasizes the role of current environmental influences in psychological growth?
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In the context of personality psychology, which model describes personality traits as stable over one’s lifespan?
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Which psychologist argued against the behaviorist perspective by emphasizing the importance of language and cognition?
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What is the primary focus of health psychology within the biopsychosocial model?
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Which approach in psychology is concerned with how we perceive sensory stimuli and interpret them?
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Which type of psychology primarily deals with the application of theory in workplace settings?
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Which psychological approach utilizes unconditional positive regard as a key therapeutic method?
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Which area of psychology studies humans’ interactions and relationships within societies?
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Study Notes
Defining Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Early Schools of Thought
- Structuralism attempted to understand the structure of the mind by breaking it down into its basic components.
- Functionalism focused on the functions of the mind and how it helps us adapt to our environment.
- Psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasized the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior.
- Gestalt psychology emphasized the whole experience rather than just the individual parts.
- Behaviorism, pioneered by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, focused on observable behaviors and their environmental influences.
- Humanism emerged as a reaction against psychoanalysis and behaviorism, emphasizing the importance of human potential and free will.
- Cognitive psychology, focused on mental processes such as memory, attention, and problem-solving, became prominent in the latter half of the 20th century.
Key Figures in Humanistic Psychology
- Abraham Maslow proposed the Hierarchy of Needs, which suggests that basic survival needs must be met before higher-level needs, such as self-esteem and self-actualization, can be fulfilled.
- Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy, which emphasizes unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy.
Key Figures in Cognitive Psychology
- Ulric Neisser is credited as the father of cognitive psychology.
- Noam Chomsky emphasized the importance of language in understanding the human mind and challenged the behaviorist focus on observable behaviors.
Biological Influences on Behavior
- Biopsychology (Neuroscience) studies how the brain and nervous system influence behavior.
- Evolutionary psychology considers how evolutionary processes have shaped our current behaviors, considering how advantageous variations in behavior contribute to survival.
- Sensation and Perception, an interdisciplinary field, explores the role of sensory stimuli in shaping our experiences.
Subfields of Psychology
- Cognitive Psychology focuses on mental processes such as memory, attention, problem-solving, and language.
- Developmental Psychology studies how people change across the lifespan.
- Personality Psychology investigates individual differences in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
- Social Psychology focuses on how people interact with and influence each other.
- Industrial-Organizational Psychology applies psychological principles to the workplace, including personnel management, organizational structure, and hiring decisions.
- Health Psychology focuses on the interconnections between psychological factors and physical health.
- Sports & Exercise Psychology examines the psychological aspects of sports performance, including anxiety and coping mechanisms.
- Clinical Psychology focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders.
- Forensic Psychology applies psychological principles within the legal system, including competency evaluations, eyewitness testimony, and child custody matters.
Types of Research
- Applied research aims to solve a specific, practical problem.
- Basic research seeks to expand our knowledge base without necessarily aiming for immediate practical applications.
Psychology Careers
- Academic psychologists conduct research and teach at universities.
- Clinical and counselling psychologists work with individuals and families, providing therapy and support.
- Applied psychologists use their knowledge in various settings, including schools, businesses, and research institutions, to address practical problems.
Key Differences
- Clinical Psychologists hold PhDs or PsyDs and focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
- Psychiatrists are medical doctors (MDs) who can prescribe medication and provide therapy.
Psychology Careers
- School/Educational Psychology focuses on children's development, learning, and educational needs.
- Industrial/Organizational Psychology explores workplace behavior, performance, and organizational structure.
- Clinical Psychology involves assessing, diagnosing, and treating psychological disorders.
- Experimental Psychology conducts research on various psychological phenomena.
- Developmental Psychology studies human development across the lifespan.
- Clinical-Neuropsychology applies psychology to understand the relationship between brain function and behavior, often focusing on rehabilitation.
- Counselling Psychology focuses on helping people adjust to life challenges and improve their well-being.
Course Information
- Students are responsible for completing eight chapter quizzes, each consisting of 15 multiple-choice questions.
- They have up to 72 hours to complete each quiz and can attempt it up to three times. The highest score will be recorded.
- The two lowest quiz scores will be dropped.
Defining Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
History of Psychology
- Structuralism explores the basic elements of the mind.
- Functionalism investigates the purposes of mental processes.
- Psychoanalysis focuses on unconscious drives and conflicts.
- Gestalt emphasizes the whole and the way parts relate to one another.
- Behaviorism studies observable behaviors and how they are learned.
- Humanism emphasizes human potential and free will.
- Cognitive Psychology examines mental processes like thinking, memory, and language.
Key Figures and Schools of Thought
-
Humanism: Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers emphasized the potential for good in individuals.
- Abraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs, with basic needs at the bottom and higher-level needs at the top.
- Carl Rogers advocated for client-centered therapy that emphasizes unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy.
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Cognitive Psychology: Ulric Neisser coined the term "cognitive psychology" and is considered its founder.
- Noam Chomsky challenged the sole focus on observable behavior, suggesting language and thought are crucial.
Contemporary Psychology and its Branches
- Biopsychology (Neuroscience): Studies how biology (nervous system) influences behavior.
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Evolutionary Psychology examines how biology influences immediate and lasting behaviors.
- Darwin’s natural selection is a key principle.
- Sensation and Perception: Examines how our perception of sensory stimuli impacts our experiences.
-
Cognitive Psychology: A broad field exploring mental processes.
- Includes problem-solving, language, development, and therapy.
- Developmental Psychology: Studies changes across the lifespan.
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Personality Psychology: Investigates the thoughts and behaviors that make us unique.
- The Big Five personality traits are stable over one's lifespan: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (O.C.E.A.N).
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Social Psychology: Examines how we interact with and relate to each other.
- Key figures include Milgram, Zimbardo, and Asch.
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Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Applies psychological theory in workplaces.
- Focuses on personnel management, organizational structure, and hiring decisions.
Applied Psychology
- Health Psychology explores influences on health using the biopsychosocial model.
- Sports & Exercise Psychology studies the psychological aspects of sports performance.
- Clinical Psychology focuses on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders.
- Forensic Psychology applies psychological principles in the justice system.
Types of Research in Psychology
- Applied Research: Aims to solve a practical problem.
- Basic Research: Focuses on expanding knowledge.
Careers in Psychology
- Academic: Teaching and research in universities.
- Clinical & Counseling: Therapy and mental health services.
- Applied: Work in schools, marketing, research institutions, etc.
Psychology in Education
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Brightspace Chapter Quizzes:
- 8 Quizzes, best 6 scores count.
- Each quiz has 15 multiple-choice questions and lasts for 15 minutes.
- Students with accommodations have extended time.
- There are three attempts for each quiz, with the highest score recorded.
- No make-up quizzes are offered as two lowest scores are dropped.
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Description
This quiz covers the foundational concepts of psychology, including its definition and the early schools of thought that shaped the discipline. Explore structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, and more to understand how these theories contributed to modern psychology.
