Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which approach emphasizes the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior?
Which approach emphasizes the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior?
The cognitive approach primarily studies observable behavior.
The cognitive approach primarily studies observable behavior.
False
What is the role of the unconscious according to the psychodynamic approach?
What is the role of the unconscious according to the psychodynamic approach?
The unconscious influences behavior and thoughts, often in ways not immediately apparent.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualization is at the ______ level.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualization is at the ______ level.
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Match the psychological approaches with their key concepts:
Match the psychological approaches with their key concepts:
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Which component of personality is responsible for moral standards according to the psychodynamic approach?
Which component of personality is responsible for moral standards according to the psychodynamic approach?
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Social learning theory emphasizes that learning only occurs through direct reinforcement.
Social learning theory emphasizes that learning only occurs through direct reinforcement.
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What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
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Study Notes
Origins of Psychology
- Psychology emerged as a science with Wundt's work and introspection
- Introspection involved detailed self-reporting of mental processes
Learning Approaches
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Behaviourism: Focuses on observable behaviours, not internal mental processes
- Classical Conditioning: Learning through association (Pavlov's dogs)
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Operant Conditioning: Learning through consequences (reward and punishment)
- Types of reinforcement: positive, negative, punishment
- Skinner's research: experiments using operant conditioning techniques
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Social Learning Theory: Learning through observation and imitation
- Imitation: Copying behaviours
- Identification: Modeling behaviours of a role model
- Vicarious reinforcement: Learning by observing consequences for others
- Mediational processes: internal cognitive factors (thoughts and feelings) influence learning
- Bandura's research: Bobo doll experiment demonstrating observational learning
Cognitive Approach
- Focuses on internal mental processes (e.g., memory, perception)
- Schema: Mental frameworks to organize information
- Uses theoretical and computer models to understand mental processes
- Cognitive Neuroscience: Combines cognitive psychology and neuroscience to study the biological basis of cognition
Biological Approach
- Focuses on the biological influences on behaviour
- Genes, biological structures (brain areas), neurochemistry (hormones, neurotransmitters) are key factors
- Genotype: Genetic makeup
- Phenotype: Observable characteristics
- Genetic basis of behaviour (e.g., twin studies)
- Evolution and behaviour: how evolution influences behaviour
Psychodynamic Approach
- Focuses on the unconscious mind's influence on behaviour
- Personality structure: Id (primitive desires), Ego (mediates between Id and reality), Superego (moral standards)
- Defence mechanisms: unconscious strategies to cope with anxiety (e.g., repression, denial, displacement)
- Psychosexual stages: Freud's theory of development through stages
Humanistic Psychology
- Emphasizes free will, self-actualization (achieving one's full potential)
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Hierarchy of needs (physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization)
- Focus on the self and congruence (consistency between self-concept and experiences)
- Conditions of worth: Expectations that affect self-concept
- Influencing counselling psychology
Comparison of Approaches
- Different approaches offer varying perspectives on human behaviour and mental processes.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of psychology's emergence as a scientific discipline, including Wundt's introspection. Delve into prominent learning theories such as Behaviourism, Classical Conditioning, and Social Learning Theory, along with key experiments that shaped the field.
