Language Learning Theories and Behaviorism
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Questions and Answers

Which psychologist is most closely associated with Behaviorist Psychology?

  • Carl Rogers
  • Jean Piaget
  • Lev Vygotsky
  • B.F. Skinner (correct)

    • What does the process of conditioning in Behaviorism primarily describe?

  • Developing connections between a stimulus and a response (correct)
  • Learning as a change in cognition
  • The impact of genetic factors on learning
  • Learning through social interaction

    • According to Behaviorism, what plays a crucial role in the formation of habits?

  • Cognitive processes
  • Environmental reinforcements (correct)
  • Genetic predispositions
  • Social influences

    • What concept suggests that individuals are born as a 'clean slate' in Behaviorism?

    <p>Tabula rasa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following approaches to language teaching is based on Behaviorist principles?

    <p>Audio-lingual Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Behaviorism, the 'primacy of speech' implies what about language acquisition?

    <p>Speech is the initial form of communication mastered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following psychologists contributed to the foundational concepts of Behaviorism alongside B.F. Skinner?

    <p>John Watson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of the direct method in language teaching?

    <p>To create a direct association between language and experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is NOT associated with the direct method?

    <p>Grammar is taught through memorization of rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are abstract vocabulary terms taught in the direct method?

    <p>Via association of ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of classroom activities primarily characterize the direct method?

    <p>Interactive question-and-answer exchanges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is grammar introduced in the direct method?

    <p>During the intermediate phase of language learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept emerges from the work of Flavell and others regarding metacognition?

    <p>Metacognitive knowledge relates to understanding learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of scholars has prominently addressed learner beliefs as part of metacognitive knowledge?

    <p>Horwitz and Kern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do teachers play in metacognitive awareness according to Broady?

    <p>They help raise metacognitive awareness by engaging students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonly observed behavior of teachers can hinder students from deploying metacognitive strategies?

    <p>Taking responsibility for managing students' learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Weinstein and Rogers, what is essential for teachers to monitor during the learning process?

    <p>The level of understanding of their students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pre-condition for teaching metacognitive strategies?

    <p>Raising learners' metacognitive awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of students relying heavily on teachers for learning management?

    <p>Students are unable to monitor their comprehension effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Brown emphasize regarding the role of teachers in metacognition?

    <p>They need to explicitly encourage reflection on learning processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of learning does Victori’s work primarily address?

    <p>The nature of metacognitive knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do successful students often exhibit in their learning habits?

    <p>They incorporate active monitoring strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of teaching learners to become more autonomous in their learning?

    <p>Developing metacognitive strategies to manage their learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach signifies a shift from traditional roles in teaching according to the document?

    <p>Sage on the stage to guide on the side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main goals of grammar-translation classes?

    <p>To develop students' ability to read literature in the target language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant criticism of the grammar-translation method?

    <p>It lacks a theoretical basis and verifiable sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transformation in language education is suggested regarding student learning responsibility?

    <p>Students are encouraged to self-assess their understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical context influenced the grammar-translation method's initial application?

    <p>The decline of Latin as a spoken language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of learners is highlighted as essential for reducing dependency on teachers?

    <p>Knowledge of metacognitive strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common misapplication of the grammar-translation method in contemporary education?

    <p>Overreliance on direct translations without context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is typically true about students' learning in grammar-translation classes?

    <p>They often memorize grammatical rules without comprehension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the practice of teaching Latin influence the methodology of teaching other foreign languages in the 19th century?

    <p>It established the foundation for grammar-translation methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Interactionist movement in psychology?

    <p>Group therapy as an alternative to individual therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Interactionist approach, how do learners construct their understanding?

    <p>Through personal experiments and hypothesis testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorists are noted for their support of the Interactionist approach?

    <p>Dick Allwright and Michael Long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for effective interaction in the classroom according to Interactionist principles?

    <p>A two-way flow of information between teacher and learner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of activities are recommended for promoting communication among learners?

    <p>Activities with an information gap and communicative purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should teachers respond to contributions made by learners in an Interactionist classroom?

    <p>Encourage and utilize learners' contributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do social interactions play in the Interactionist approach to language learning?

    <p>They are crucial for meaning negotiation and learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must learners feel in order to be motivated to communicate according to the Interactionist perspective?

    <p>An interest in topic and activity involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Interactionist approach emphasize regarding learner contributions in the classroom?

    <p>They are vital for effective learning and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Language Learning Theories

    • Theories of language acquisition have developed within the broader field of psychology, specifically cognitive and social psychology.
    • These theories aim to understand how people learn and develop knowledge.
    • Key learning theories influential in foreign language learning include behaviorist, cognitivist, humanist, and interactionist.

    Behaviorism and Language Acquisition

    • Key figure associated with behaviorist psychology is B.F. Skinner (1957), though the foundation of behaviorist learning theory is rooted in the work of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson.
    • Behaviorism views learning as forming connections between stimuli and responses, through conditioning.
    • Learning occurs through reinforcement (rewards/punishments) strengthening or weakening behaviors.
    • Learning is influenced by environmental factors and is based on observing interactions between stimuli.

    Cognitivism and Language Acquisition

    • Mentalist or rationalist views contrast with the empirical analysis of cognitive studies, despite sharing an interest in human mental faculties.
    • Noam Chomsky's views on human language's innate ability highlight the mental processes involved in language learning.
    • Cognitivism emphasizes the importance of understanding how language works, conveying meaning in speech and writing.
    • Learning is viewed as an active process of building knowledge, often influenced by the social environment, past experiences, and existing knowledge.

    Humanism and Language Acquisition

    • Humanist psychology prioritizes the individual's inner world, thoughts, emotions, and feelings as significant aspects of learning.
    • Learning is more effective when the material has personal meaning and active participation is encouraged.
    • Humanist theories advocate for a holistic approach, viewing learning as encompassing the entire person (mind, body, and soul). Experiential learning and building positive relationships within the learning environment are central concepts.

    Interactionism and Language Acquisition

    • The Interactionist approach emphasizes how people learn by engaging in interactions, constructing meaning through negotiation.
    • Social interaction is believed crucial to successful language acquisition; interaction facilitates the learner's own comprehension of the language.
    • The teacher should actively create an environment encouraging learners to communicate and discuss.

    Metacognition in Language Learning

    • Metacognition plays a key role in enhancing student learning and includes metacognitive knowledge (which includes knowledge about learning) and metacognitive strategies (strategies used for learning).
    • Successful students gain insight into their learning style and metacognitive strategies, allowing them to oversee and manage their learning processes, leading to better learning outcomes.

    Grammar-Translation Method

    • This method, common in teaching Greek and Latin in the 16th Century, focuses on learning grammatical rules to aid in translation.
    • The method focuses on the written aspects of language with little emphasis on active speaking.
    • This method's aims were to improve reading and translate literature, developing general mental abilities.
    • Critiques of the method include a lack of verifiable historical existence and an absence of theoretical basis, lacking in practical use and active communication.

    Direct Method

    • In contrast to the Grammar-Translation method, the Direct Method focuses entirely on the target language.
    • It emphasizes immediate association between experience and the expression of meaning.
    • This approach is based on demonstration and avoids the use of the learner's native language.
    • Emphasis is on building a direct connection between the learner's experience and the target language, and understanding language's structure.

    Reading Method

    • This method prioritizes reading as the primary language learning skill.
    • It emphasizes practical and academic needs of learners (i.e., those who do not travel abroad and reading in the target language is the most useful skill).
    • The learning process begins with reading fluency, followed by an understanding of the target country and culture to create an overall understanding of the target culture.

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    Description

    Explore the various theories of language acquisition within psychology, including behaviorism, cognitivism, and humanism. This quiz delves into how these theories inform foreign language learning. Understand key figures such as B.F. Skinner and the principles of conditioning that underpin behaviorist approaches.

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