Psychology on Perception Biases

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concept investigated in the work of Rosenthal and Jacobson in 1968?

Self-fulfilling prophecy (correct)

Halo/Horn effect

Contrast effect

First impression error

Which of the following authors is associated with the Halo/Horn effect concept?

Eden, D.

Kopelman, M.

Asch, S. (correct)

Dougherty, T.

In what year did Eden discuss the self-fulfilling prophecy as a management tool?

1968

1982

1948

1984 (correct)

Which concept is primarily concerned with confirmation of initial judgments in an interview setting?

First impression error Signup and view all the answers

Which study focused on the effects of expectancy on trainee performance?

Pygmalion goes to boot camp Signup and view all the answers

What does conformance primarily relate to in a workplace context?

The subordinate’s adherence to rules and their relationships with others Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'Similar to Me Effect' function in supervisory relationships?

It promotes higher evaluations when perceived similarities are present Signup and view all the answers

What is the First Impression Error?

The influence of a first perception on future evaluations of that person Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the Halo Effect have on evaluations?

It skews evaluations based on a single positive aspect Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is associated with goal emphasis in a work context?

Encouraging group enthusiasm to meet objectives Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the First Impression Error have during interviews?

It enhances positive interaction based on prior evaluations Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does dependability measure in relation to subordinates?

The frequency of disciplinary issues Signup and view all the answers

In what way is work facilitation defined?

Behavior that helps subordinates achieve their goals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the Pygmalion effect in a performance context?

Individuals rise to match positive expectations placed upon them. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the Golem effect from the Pygmalion effect?

The Golem effect results from negative perceptions leading to decreased performance. Signup and view all the answers

In the study mentioned, which group performed the best during training?

High group, who were perceived as above average. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key process by which the Pygmalion effect operates?

Higher perceptions lead to increased leadership engagement. Signup and view all the answers

What does selective perception refer to in the context of the study mentioned?

Seeing problems based on personal experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What outcome did soldiers in the high group report during their training?

They enjoyed their training more than any other group. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates a behavioral response due to a self-fulfilling prophecy?

An athlete shows improvement when encouraged. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor in Ford's failure to maintain market leadership?

His view of cars as a mode of transportation only. Signup and view all the answers

What can be a potential consequence of the Golem effect?

Poor performance aligning with negative expectations. Signup and view all the answers

The 'similar to me effect' describes which of the following?

An inclination to overlook flaws in people who are similar. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand self-fulfilling prophecies in a leadership context?

They can influence leader behavior and team performance. Signup and view all the answers

In the studies cited for the 'similar to me effect', what aspect did supervisors evaluate?

The similarity between themselves and their subordinates. Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of the historical scenario involving Henry Ford and the Model T?

New entrants like Chrysler and General Motors gained market leadership. Signup and view all the answers

How did the study on supervisors and subordinates assess performance?

By their perceptions of similarity to one another. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Ford slogan, 'it takes you there and brings you back,' imply about his view of cars?

Cars serve primarily a functional purpose. Signup and view all the answers

What type of qualitative feedback did subordinates provide regarding their supervisors?

Support and facilitation in interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Golem effect primarily about?

Perceiving low potential causes decreased motivation. Signup and view all the answers

Which perceptual bias involves assuming someone performs better based on a positive first impression?

Halo effect Signup and view all the answers

The phenomenon where one's expectations of another person influence that person's performance is called what?

Pygmalion effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the bias that occurs when we attribute our successes to internal factors but failures to external factors?

Self-serving bias Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'similar to me effect' refer to in perceptual bias?

Favoring individuals with qualities similar to oneself. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the contrast effect in perception?

Judging someone’s abilities negatively compared to others. Signup and view all the answers

What does selective perception mean in the context of biases?

Filtering out irrelevant information when assessing someone. Signup and view all the answers

Which bias could lead to missed opportunities for employee development?

Golem effect Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Selective Perception

People's prior experiences and beliefs influence how they interpret information.
A historical example is Henry Ford's Model T, which was successful initially but later became outdated because Henry Ford failed to see customer needs beyond basic transportation due to his engineering background.

Similar to Me Effect

People tend to perceive others more positively if they share similarities.
Research found supervisors who perceived similarities with their subordinates rated them higher, and the reverse also applies.

First Impression Error

First impressions have a lasting impact on how we perceive others.
A study showed interviewers behaved more positively towards applicants they initially rated positively, based on application materials and test scores, even before meeting them.

Halo/Horn Effect

We tend to develop a general positive or negative perception of someone based on a single positive or negative aspect.

Contrast Effect

Our perception of someone is influenced by who we compare them to.

Self Fulfilling Prophecy

Our expectations towards someone can influence their behavior.
The Pygmalion effect occurs when positive expectations lead to positive behavior, illustrated by an example of a supervisor with positive expectations towards a subordinate leading to the subordinate performing better.
The Golem effect occurs when negative expectations lead to negative behavior, illustrated by an example of a supervisor with negative expectations towards a subordinate leading to the subordinate performing worse.
A study involving army basic training showed soldiers with high expectations from their training officer performed better, enjoyed training, and rated their leader more highly compared to groups with regular or no expectations.

To Sum Up

Key perceptual biases include: Fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias, selective perception, similar to me effect, first impression error, halo/horn effect, contrast effect, and self-fulfilling prophecy.

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Description

Explore the various biases that shape human perception, including selective perception, similar to me effect, first impression error, and the halo/horn effect. This quiz delves into how our beliefs and experiences color the way we interpret information and evaluate others. Test your understanding of these psychological concepts!