Psychology on Acculturation and Disorders

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Questions and Answers

What is the most accurate definition of 'mania' as it is used today?

A specific type of mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings.

A suffix indicating an obsessive preoccupation or compulsive behavior. (correct)

A general term for any kind of mental illness.

A term specifically used to describe a person's intense desire for power and control.

Which of the following conditions is characterized by a compulsive need to steal?

Pyromania

Kleptomania (correct)

Trichotillomania

Egomania

Which of the following can be characterized as an example of antisocial behavior?

A person who struggles to adapt to a new culture and environment.

A person who refuses to maintain a healthy weight and is preoccupied with their body image.

A person who engages in criminal activities and shows disregard for others. (correct)

A person who experiences intense fear of situations where escape may be difficult.

What is a key characteristic of a manic episode?

Abnormally elevated mood and increased energy levels. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the best indicator of positive mental health?

Success in personal, professional, and creative endeavors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is characterized by a pattern of negativistic and hostile behavior in a child?

Oppositional defiant disorder (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between anxiety and fear?

Fear is a response to a known threat, while anxiety is a response to an unknown threat. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Conduct Disorder?

Social withdrawal (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of comorbidity in the context of mental health disorders?

The coexistence of two or more mental health disorders in the same individual. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Brief Psychotherapy?

It is designed to address specific problems or goals within a defined timeframe. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of a manic episode?

Elevated mood, increased energy, racing thoughts, and impulsivity. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a compulsion?

To prevent or reduce distress. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement about Autistic Disorder?

It involves significant impairments in social interaction, communication, and behavior. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a defense mechanism?

An unconscious psychological process that protects the ego from anxiety. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a symptom of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

Social anxiety. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is characterized by a chronic course with lowered mood tone and feelings of inadequacy, loss of self-esteem, or self-deprecation?

Dysthymic Disorder (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the parrot-like repetition of overheard words or fragments of speech that may be associated with developmental disorders, neurological disorders, or schizophrenia?

Echolalia (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible dysmorphic category associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Paraphilias (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions best defines 'flashback'?

Reexperiencing perceptual symptoms after ceasing use of a hallucinogen. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by a marked disturbance in eating behavior, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorder not otherwise specified?

Eating Disorder (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sexual urge involving the use of nonliving objects?

Fetishism (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is NOT characterized by a marked disturbance in eating behavior?

Dysthymic Disorder (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characterized by reexperiencing, after drug use cessation, perceptual symptoms that were part of the hallucinatory experience while using the drug?

Flashback (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders involves a marked distress or acting upon sexual urges involving the use of nonliving objects?

Fetishism (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of hypomania?

Hallucinations (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a hallucination and an illusion?

Hallucinations are perceptions in the absence of a real stimulus, while illusions are misinterpretations of a real stimulus. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is characterized by a difficulty resisting impulses to act in a harmful way, despite potential consequences?

Impulse Control Disorders (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a labile emotional state?

An unstable, rapidly shifting emotional state. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a typical symptom of mania?

Slowed thinking and speech. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a typical characteristic of an identity crisis?

Enhanced creativity and a sense of purpose. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a trigger for an identity crisis?

Acceptance of societal expectations. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the core defining characteristic of a gender identity disorder?

A strong and persistent identification with the opposite sex. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes hyperactivity?

Excessive motor activity that can be purposeful or aimless. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Acculturation

A problem adapting to or finding appropriate ways to adapt to a different culture or environment.

Difficulty with Adjustment Disorder

A different culture or environment.
Behavior that expresses a feeling state.

Affect

Responsive to changing emotional states.
Mood is a pervasive and sustained emotion.
Examples include euphoria, anger, and sadness.
Types of affect disturbances: blunted, flat, inappropriate, restricted, constricted, aggressive, or agitation.

Agoraphobia

Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing.
Help may not be available should a panic attack occur.

Anhedonia

Inability to experience pleasure from activities that usually produce pleasurable feelings.

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by refusal or inability to maintain minimum normal weight for age and height.
Intense fear of gaining weight.
Denies the seriousness of low weight.
Undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation.

Antisocial Behavior

Conduct indicating indifference to another's person or property.
Criminal behavior, dishonesty, or abuse are examples.

Anxiety

Apprehension, tension, or uneasiness from anticipation of danger.
The source is largely unknown or unrecognized.
Primarily intra-psychic origin, distinct from fear (response to a recognized external threat).

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Problems with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.
Symptoms appear before age 7.
Inconsistent with developmental level.
Severe enough to impair social or academic functioning.

Autistic Disorder

Development disorder involving significant impairment in social interactions and communication.
Restricted or stereotyped patterns of behavior, interest, and activities.
Abnormal development prior to age 3.
Delays or abnormal functioning in social development, language, and/or play.

Bipolar Disorder

Mood disorders including bipolar disorders (single episode, recurrent), and cyclothymic disorder.
Bipolar episode includes a manic episode at some time during its course.

Brief Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy with an end point defined by the number of sessions or specific objectives.

Comorbidity

Simultaneous appearance of two or more illnesses.

Compensation

Defense mechanism to make up for perceived deficiencies.

Compulsion

Repetitive ritualistic behaviors (e.g., hand washing) to prevent or reduce distress.

Conduct Disorder

Disruptive behavior disorder in childhood characterized by persistent violations of others' rights.
Examples include bullying, truancy, early use of substances, and property damage.

Coping Mechanisms

Ways of adjusting to environmental stress without altering one's goals; conscious and unconscious ways.

Coprophagia

Eating of filth or feces.

Countertransference

Therapist's emotional reactions to the patient based on the therapist's unconscious needs and conflicts.

Cyclothymic Disorder

Bipolar disorder characterized by numerous hypomanic episodes and frequent periods of depressed mood/loss of interest.

Decompensation

Deterioration of existing defenses leading to an exacerbation of pathological behavior.

Delusion

False belief based on incorrect inference about reality.

Grandiose Delusion

Belief in exaggerated importance, power, knowledge, or identity.

Nihilistic Delusion

Conviction of nonexistence of self, part of the self, or others, or of the world.

Persecutory Delusion

Conviction that one (or one's group/institution) is being harassed, attacked, persecuted, or conspired against.

Somatic Delusion

False belief about bodily functioning.

Depersonalization

Feelings of unreality concerning either the environment, self or both.

Depression

Sadness, despair and discouragement as a mood state.

Dissociation

Splitting off of clusters of mental contents from conscious awareness.

Dysphoria

Unpleasant mood.

Dysthymic Disorder

Depressive disorder with a chronic course with lowered mood and other symptoms.

Eating Disorder

Marked disturbance in eating behavior. Including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorder not otherwise specified.

Echolalia

Parrot-like repetition of overheard words/fragments of speech.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Congenital disorder resulting from alcohol teratogenicity.
Includes birth defects such as low birth weight, facial abnormalities, and development issues

Fetishism

Paraphilia characterized by sexual urges involving use of nonliving objects (fetishes).

Flashback

Reexperiencing perceptual symptoms after ceasing use of hallucinogens.

Flight of ideas

Continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes in topic.
Driven by associations, stimuli or words

Gender Identity Disorder

Strong persistent identification with opposite sex (cross-gender identification) with associated discomfort.

Hallucination

Sensory perception in absence of external stimulus.
Distinguishing from illusion (misperception/interpretation of stimulus).

Hyperactivity

Excessive motor activity, purposeful or aimless.

Hypomania

Psychopathological state between normal euphoria and mania.
Characterized by unrealistic optimism, pressure of activity and speed of speech, and a decreased need for sleep.

Identity Crisis

Loss of sense of sameness and historical continuity (self-identity)
Inability to accept perceived societal role expectations
Often expressed as isolation, withdrawal, extremism or rebelliousness.

Impulse Control Disorders

Inability to resist an impulse, drive or temptation to act in ways harmful to oneself or others.

Labile

Emotions shift rapidly.

Mania

Mood disorder characterized by excessive elation, high self-esteem, hyperactivity, accelerated thinking/speaking

Manic Episode

Abnormally elevated/irritable mood persisting at least a week, accompanied by inflated self-esteem, reduced need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, and increased activity.

Mental Health

State of relative, not absolute well-being.
Measured by success at working, loving, creating, and flexible conflict resolution based on instinct, conscience, and reality.
A state of mental well-being is relative, rather than absolute.

Mental Status

Evaluating psychological and behavioral function.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Anxiety disorder involving obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (ritualistic behaviors)

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Negativistic and hostile behavior pattern lasting 6 months.
Includes losing temper, arguing with adults, annoying others, and being resentful.

Overanxious Disorder

Anxiety disorder related to unrealistic anxieties about performance in school, sports, hobbies, money matters, punctuality, health, or appearance.

Panic Attack

Short episode of intense fear/discomfort with rapid development of fear of dying, losing control or going crazy.

Phobia

Fear triggered by a specific object or situation.
Response almost always involves anxiety or panic attack.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Anxiety disorder resulting from experiencing or witnessing a highly stressful or traumatic event. Characterized by re-experiencing of event, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli and increased arousal.

Reexperiencing the Trauma

Intrusive recollections/memories, distressing dreams, sudden feeling of reliving the event, or intense distress on exposure to reminders.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Inappropriate anxiety concerning separation from home or attachment figures.

Sleep Terror Disorder

Abrupt awakening from sleep with intense anxiety, confusion, and screaming.

Schizophrenia

Psychotic disorder with positive (delusions, hallucinations) and negative (lack of motivation, flat affect) symptoms causing significant disruption in functioning.

Systematic Desensitization

Behavior therapy procedure for phobias involving a hierarchy of anxiety-producing stimuli leading to modified behavior.

Tarasoff Decision

Duty imposed on therapists to warn potential victims of patient's threats.

Thought Disorder

Disturbances in speech, communication, or thought content, including delusions, ideas of reference, and loosening of associations.

Tic

Nonrhythmic, sudden involuntary, rapid motor or vocal movements or vocalizations (e.g. stereotyped sounds)

Tourette's Disorder

Tic disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics (often concurrently, or separately) occurring most days for over a year.