Prejudice and Intergroup Relations

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary contribution of inner processes to prejudice and stereotyping?

They reduce negative attitudes

They encourage superordinate goals

They promote discrimination in reverse

They contribute to scapegoat theory and self-serving bias (correct)

What is the key difference in the mental processes of nonprejudiced people?

They have a higher level of salience

They have a lower level of confirmation bias

They have a stronger self-serving bias

They have a more conscious override (correct)

What is the primary goal of the jigsaw classroom technique?

To increase salience

To promote scapegoat theory

To reduce feelings of prejudice (correct)

To encourage self-serving bias

What is the outcome of a prediction that ensures, by the behavior it generates, that it will come true?

Self-fulfilling prophecy Signup and view all the answers

What is the fear that one might confirm stereotypes that others hold?

Stereotype threat Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for people claiming victim status because of moral, legal, or financial advantages?

Competitive victimhood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of intergroup contact?

Reduced feelings of prejudice Signup and view all the answers

What is the common outcome of being stereotyped?

Most people dislike being stereotyped Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Prejudice is a thought, while discrimination is a behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of prejudice according to the content?

To elevate oneself and bond with others Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive component of intergroup relationships?

Stereotyping Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of 'human zoos'?

To exhibit conquered indigenous peoples Signup and view all the answers

What is a stereotype, according to the content?

Cognitive beliefs that associate groups with traits Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings toward people of other races?

Aversive racism Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of intergroup relationships?

Affective, behavioral, and cognitive Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tendency to sort objects into groups?

Categorization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of prejudice in the context of self-esteem?

To prevent self-denigration Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the bias that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members?

Outgroup homogeneity bias Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'not being last' in the context of prejudice?

It is a way to promote self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the excessive fear of homosexuals or homosexual behavior?

Homophobia Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a group that is often disliked in communities where the majority of individuals are religious?

Atheists Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the affective based perception on differences among groups of people?

Prejudice Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims since September 11, 2001?

It has dramatically increased Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the research finding that there is a bias against admitting overweight students to college?

Bias against overweight students Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotypes

Prejudice: negative feeling toward an individual due to their group membership
Discrimination: unequal treatment based on group membership
Stereotype: cognitive beliefs that associate groups with traits
Aversive racism: simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings toward people of other races

The ABC of Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotypes

Affective component: prejudice
Behavioral component: discrimination
Cognitive component: stereotyping

Stereotypes and Socio-Cognitive Categorization

Categorization: tendency to sort objects into groups
Social categorization: sorting people into groups on the basis of common characteristics
Outgroup members: people who belong to a different group or category than we do
Ingroup members: people who belong to the same group or category as we do
Outgroup homogeneity bias: outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members

Prejudices and Subjective Perception

Prejudice is an affective-based perception on differences among groups of people
Includes racial prejudice (racism) and gender prejudice (sexism)

Common Prejudices and Targets

Prejudice and discrimination against Arabs and Muslims has dramatically increased since September 11, 2001
Atheists are disliked around the world in communities in which the majority of individuals are religious
Bias against admitting overweight students to college
Homophobia: excessive fear of homosexuals or homosexual behavior

What causes prejudice?

Inner processes (e.g., emotions) contribute to prejudice and stereotyping
Salience: being obvious or standing out
Scapegoat theory: blaming misfortunes on outgroups contributes to negative attitudes
Self-serving bias: taking credit for success but refusing blame for problems and failures
Confirmation bias: focusing more on evidence that supports one's expectations than on evidence that contradicts them

Overcoming Stereotypes, Reducing Prejudice

Conscious override: automatic system may sustain prejudices; conscious system can strive to overcome
Mental processes of nonprejudiced people: difference lies in conscious system
Discrimination in reverse: when people are accused of prejudice, they often exert themselves to prove the opposite
Motives for overcoming prejudice: dedication to equality and social disapproval
Contact: covert expressions of prejudice can be reduced by intergroup contact
Superordinate goals: cooperating to achieve common goals is one powerful antidote to intergroup conflict

Impact of Prejudice on Targets

No culture seems immune to stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination
Most have stereotypes; people dislike being stereotyped
Self-fulfilling prophecy: prediction that ensures, by the behavior it generates, that it will come true
Stigma and self-protection: social comparison, self-worth, and attribution theory
Competitive victimhood: people may claim victim status because of moral, legal, or financial advantages
Stereotype threat: fear that one might confirm stereotypes that others hold
Self-defeating prophecy: prediction that ensures, by the behavior it generates, that it will not come true

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Description

Evaluate the differences between prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping. Analyze the impact of stereotypes and discrimination on targets, and explore the innate versus cultural causes of prejudice.