Questions and Answers
Victims of rape and physical assault do not experience acute reactions to stress.
False
In a survey conducted in Australia, around 25% of women reported experiencing PTSD after trauma from gender-based violence.
True
About 50% of women in Australia reported exposure to one or more events of gender-based violence.
False
Psychosexual dysfunction is one of the possible effects on victims of rape and physical assault.
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The survey mentioned in the context had a sample size of 2000 women.
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Refugees face the potential loss of their country due to war and persecution.
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Psychological treatment is always the first step in addressing the needs of refugees.
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Racism and bullying are common issues faced by refugees in their countries of asylum.
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Exposure-based therapies are known to have variable effects on refugee children and adolescents.
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Using family members as interpreters is always the best choice in therapy for refugees.
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All immigration policies are supportive of refugees and their needs.
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Trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy is considered an effective treatment for refugees.
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Cultural traditions in host countries are always well understood by refugees.
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Loss by death or separation of relatives and friends is a common traumatic experience for refugees.
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Cognitive behaviour therapy approaches are considered less effective for treating PTSD in refugees.
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In the systematic review by Fazel et al., about 10% of refugees re-settled in western countries met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD.
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Once refugees settle in a new location, the stressors they face are typically insignificant compared to those they encountered during their flight.
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Victims of torture benefit from documenting their experiences, as it can aid in advocacy and legal processes.
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Physical injuries from armed conflict or assault are rarely reported among refugees.
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The understanding of psychological responses to stress may be uniform across different cultures.
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Practical help is often an essential preliminary to engagement in care for refugees.
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Screening for PTSD should be conducted at least 1 month after a major disaster.
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Data shows that victims of rape have a higher prevalence of PTSD compared to victims of assault.
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Drug treatments are recommended as the first-line treatment for PTSD.
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Trauma-focused CBT is advised for individuals with severe post-traumatic symptoms during the first month after experiencing a traumatic event.
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Social support is deemed unnecessary for the recovery of PTSD victims.
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Combat-related psychological reactions in the First World War were termed as 'shell shock', 'battle fatigue', and 'war neurosis'.
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Preferred treatment for PTSD includes only medication when psychological treatments prove ineffective.
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The document indicates that women victims of rape often experience problems with trust, anger, and excessive dependence.
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A follow-up contact after mild symptoms of PTSD should be arranged within 2 months.
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Panic attacks experienced by veterans were previously known as Da Costa's syndrome.
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Study Notes
Response to Special Kinds of Severe Stress
Rape and Physical Assault
- Victims experience acute stress reactions, PTSD, anxiety, depressive disorders, and psychosexual dysfunction.
- In a survey of 4,000 Australian women, over 25% reported gender-based violence, including rape, intimate partner violence, and stalking.
- PTSD prevalence is approximately 25% among victims, with higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders.
Stressful Issues Faced by Refugees
- Causes of Stress: War, human rights abuses, persecution (political, religious, gender, or ethnic), and hazardous migration conditions.
- Resultant Losses: Refuges may lose their country, culture, family, profession, language, friends, possessions, and future plans.
- Issues in Country of Asylum: Psychological adjustment challenges, uncertain futures, trauma, social exclusion, poverty, racism, and immigration policies affect psychological well-being.
Psychological Support for Refugees
- Prior to therapy, language classes, informal support, and skill acquisition aid adjustment.
- Community-based psychological interventions for children show variable effects, with group or individual exposure therapies (trauma-focused CBT and narrative therapy) demonstrating strongest benefits.
- Careful management of interpreters is crucial; familial interpreters may hinder openness about sensitive experiences.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Guidelines for PTSD
- Initial Screening: PTSD screening recommended one month post-incident for major disasters.
- Mild Symptoms: Watchful waiting for mild symptoms under four weeks with follow-up in one month.
- Trauma-Focused CBT: Recommended for severe symptoms within the first month; psychological treatment is essential for all PTSD sufferers.
- Drug Treatments: Should not be routine first-line treatment, with options like paroxetine and mirtazapine considered when CBT is ineffective or refused.
Substance Use and Victim Impact
- Higher prevalence of substance use disorder found in victims of rape (34%) and assault (38%), with an overall prevalence of 29%.
- Emotional consequences include feelings of humiliation, self-blame, anger, betrayal, and trust issues in relationships, affecting both genders.
Factors Influencing PTSD Prevalence
- Persistence of symptoms more likely in cases with previous trauma, psychological problems, lack of support, or mitigating life threats.
Importance of Social Support
- Essential for victims to regain self-esteem and process trauma. Treatment methods akin to PTSD focus on narrative retelling and overcoming self-blame.
Historical Context: Combatant PTSD
- "Shell shock," prevalent during WWI, captures early psychological responses resembling modern PTSD and related disorders.
- Panic symptoms were known as Da Costa's syndrome, illustrating the historical understanding of combat-related psychological trauma.
Refugees and Victims of Torture
- Exposure to various traumatic events can lead to PTSD, anxiety, and depression among refugees, with the need for recognition of both historical trauma and current stressors.
- A systematic review identified 10% of resettled refugees meeting PTSD criteria, with high rates of depression (5%) and anxiety (4%).
- Treatments should blend physical and psychiatric care, emphasizing trust-building and addressing practical needs before focusing on PTSD.
Therapeutic Approaches
- Cognitive behavior therapy-based treatments show through positive results for PTSD and comorbid conditions in refugees.
- Documenting torture experiences supports advocacy and therapeutic narratives, aiding survivors in processing their trauma and promoting healing.
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Description
This quiz explores the psychological responses to severe stress stemming from rape and physical assault. It discusses the prevalence of PTSD, anxiety, and depressive disorders among victims, highlighting the impact of gender-based violence. Delve into the acute reactions and trauma experienced by survivors in the aftermath of such events.
