Introduction to Psychology - Exam 3 - Practice Exam

<p>James-Lange Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continued freshness of appreciation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic Nervous System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotion processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facial expressions can influence emotions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making judgments based on stereotypes of a group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crystallized intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overestimating the predictability of an event after it has occurred (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrapersonal intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Range of reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The preference to avoid losses more than acquiring equivalent gains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Struggling to write legibly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in average IQ scores in many populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding emotions of oneself and others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ego (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sex drive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phallic stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Projection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate psychological structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ambition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Need for security (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sublimation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conscientiousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moral standards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neglect of situational influences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supporting personal growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extraversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physiological arousal and cognitive labeling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating immediate corrective actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The instability heightened their physiological arousal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qualitative impairments in social interaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognizing that others have distinct mental states and perspectives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural concepts arise from direct experience, while artificial concepts are defined by specific characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A schema organizes related concepts and guides expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pleasure is ephemeral and individuals continually seek new sources of happiness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Responding to both observing and performing actions or emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mandatory therapy sessions, such as those in parole conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introducing unpleasant stimuli to decrease undesirable behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fast, instinctive, and often subconscious thinking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive arousal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empathy relies on shared cognitive resources for emotion perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of manic episodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changing how individuals think to affect their feelings and actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restriction of calorie intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradually associating a pleasant state with anxiety-inducing stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concluding that a new animal will behave like all previously observed animals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directive play therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hedonic treadmill affecting long-term satisfaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taijin Kyofusho (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hallucinations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Present issues rather than past behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is hard to change once established. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients express thoughts without censorship or restraint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impulsive and unstable relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polarized thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased dopamine activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissociative Identity Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reward desired behaviors with exchangeable tokens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ostracization rather than treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple gene efficacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antisocial Personality Disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Major Depressive Disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-directive therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Block dopamine to treat positive psychotic symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They target both dopamine and serotonin receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To accept clients without judgment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered brain chemistry leading to a higher risk of relapse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intake procedure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding of race, culture, and ethnicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethical disparities in service delivery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biopsychosocial Model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic excessive worry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predisposition plus environmental stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Harsh self-standards and critical parenting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A classification system for disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trichotillomania (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic predisposition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic physical arousal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to stigma and over-diagnosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social Anxiety Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic disposition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress and learning experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dampened emotional reactivity in Euro-Americans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Importance of one's life story (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is difficult and time-consuming to analyze. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As shaped by conscious awareness and goals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic and neurobiological bases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a substantial genetic influence on the Big Five traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lack standardized scoring methods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of others can lead to a diffusion of responsibility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blaming external factors for personal failure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The discomfort arising from conflicting beliefs and behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It describes how identities are formed through cultural aspects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valuing one’s own culture as superior to others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implies that genetic factors significantly shape personality traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It overemphasizes situational factors and change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The force that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior.

A theory of needs, starting with basic physiological needs and progressing to self-actualization

The drive to reach full potential, developing to the fullest.

Motivation theory highlighting the needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy.

A feeling involving physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression.

Emotion results from the perception of physiological changes.

A device that measures bodily responses to detect deception.

Setting specific, moderately challenging goals to increase motivation and productivity.

Tendency to make judgments about a person or object's membership in a group based on how well it matches a stereotype, rather than considering actual probabilities.

A preference for avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. We feel the pain of loss more strongly than the pleasure of gain.

Tendency to search for information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that contradicts them.

Tendency to overestimate our ability to have predicted an event after it has occurred.

Estimating the likelihood of events based on how easily they come to mind, rather than objective probabilities.

Ignoring important statistical information about the overall frequency of an event while overemphasizing anecdotal evidence.

Acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it. It represents accumulated wisdom and experience.

The ability to see complex relationships and solve problems, adapting to new situations.

Ability to understand and manage your own emotions and those of others. It involves empathy, social skills, and self-regulation.

Thinking 'outside the box', generating multiple creative solutions to a problem.

This theory suggests that emotions arise from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.

The physical changes that occur in your body in response to external stimuli. These changes can include increased heart rate, sweating, or muscle tension.

The process of interpreting the physiological arousal you're experiencing and attaching a label, like 'fear,' 'joy,' or 'anger,' to it.

Describes whether an emotion is positive (pleasant) or negative (unpleasant).

The intensity of an emotion—how active or engaged you feel versus how passive or calm.

Suggests that positive emotions expand our thinking and allow us to build resources for the future.

The tendency for our happiness levels to return to a baseline level even after experiencing positive or negative events.

This theory proposes that we experience empathy by mentally simulating the emotions of others.

Specialized neurons that fire both when we perform an action or experience an emotion and when we observe someone else doing the same.

The ability to understand that other people have their own thoughts, feelings, and beliefs, which may be different from our own.

The understanding that others' perceptions and beliefs of the world may differ from our own and from reality.

A processing style that focuses on details rather than the big picture.

Describes a difference in cognitive processing style where some individuals may be better at understanding systems and rules while others are better at understanding emotions and social cues.

A test that measures the ability to identify emotions based solely on subtle clues in the eyes.

A mental category that groups together objects, events, or ideas that share common characteristics.

The best or most typical example of a concept.

A mental framework that organizes our knowledge about the world and helps us understand new information.

Starting with general principles and applying them to specific situations to reach a conclusion.

Starting with specific observations and drawing general conclusions from them.

This system is fast, automatic, and effortless, often relying on heuristics and intuition.

This system is slower, deliberate, and effortful, involving more conscious reasoning.

The study of the whole person, emphasizing unconscious motives and life stories.

A method in personality psychology that analyzes an individual's life story to understand their identity and motivations.

A view of personality focusing on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals, incorporating principles from behaviorism.

The ability to resist immediate rewards for greater long-term benefits.

The ability to control and manage one's emotions effectively.

A view of personality emphasizing the role of biological factors, including brain structures, neurotransmitters, and genetics.

Higher levels of dopamine and dopamine receptors are linked to increased sensitivity to rewards, potentially contributing to extraverted personality traits.

Lower levels of serotonin are associated with increased negative mood and emotional instability, potentially linking to neurotic personality traits.

Personality assessments that involve projecting one's own meaning onto ambiguous stimuli.

A projective test where individuals describe their perception of inkblots, revealing their underlying personality.

A projective test where participants create stories about ambiguous pictures, revealing their personality.

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Unselfishly helping others without expecting personal gain.

Acting in one's own self-interest, even at the expense of others.

The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help someone in need when others are present.

Therapy that is not the individual's choice, often a condition of parole or legal requirements.

Therapy that is chosen by the individual to address their own mental health concerns.

A psychoanalytic technique where the patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, without censoring thoughts.

Interpreting the underlying meaning of dreams to gain insight into the unconscious mind.

In psychoanalysis, the patient transferring emotions and feelings from past relationships onto the therapist.

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring response.

A behavioral therapy technique where a new response is learned to replace an undesirable behavior.

A behavioral therapy technique using unpleasant stimuli to stop unwanted behaviors.

A behavioral therapy technique exposing the client to anxiety-inducing stimuli in a controlled environment.

A behavioral therapy technique rewarding desired behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges.

A therapeutic approach where the therapist avoids giving direct advice or interpretations, instead focusing on helping the client identify their own conflicts and understand their feelings.

A therapeutic technique where the therapist demonstrates attentiveness by acknowledging, restating, and clarifying what the client is expressing.

A core principle in client-centered therapy where the therapist accepts the client unconditionally, regardless of their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Medications used to treat symptoms of psychological disorders, but they do not cure the underlying disorder.

Medications that primarily target positive psychotic symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia, often by blocking dopamine.

Medications that work by altering the levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, aimed at improving mood.

The return to substance abuse after a period of improvement, a common challenge in addiction recovery.

The ability of mental health professionals to understand and address issues of race, culture, and ethnicity effectively, ensuring diverse populations receive appropriate care.

A view of personality that emphasizes unconscious processes and early childhood experiences. It suggests that our personality is shaped by the interactions between our id, ego, and superego.

The primitive, instinctual part of the personality present from birth. It seeks immediate gratification of desires and operates on the pleasure principle, ignoring consequences.

The internalized sense of morality and societal rules, developed through interactions with caregivers. It represents the internalized voice of authority.

Unconscious strategies used to protect the ego from anxiety caused by conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. They distort reality to reduce stress.

A defense mechanism where a person refuses to acknowledge or believe a painful reality.

Shifting unacceptable impulses or feelings from their original target to a safer or less threatening one.

Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable and productive behaviors.

Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or motives to another person.

Pushing unacceptable memories, thoughts, or feelings into the unconscious mind.

The first psychosexual stage (birth to 1 year), where the mouth is the primary erogenous zone. Satisfaction comes from sucking, biting, and chewing.

The second psychosexual stage (1-3 years), where the anus is the primary erogenous zone. This stage involves potty training and control over bodily functions.

The third psychosexual stage (3-6 years), where the genitals are the primary erogenous zone. This stage involves the Oedipus or Electra complex, where the child develops romantic feelings towards the opposite-sex parent.

The fourth psychosexual stage (6-12 years), where sexual impulses are repressed. Focus shifts to social activities and learning.

The final psychosexual stage (12 years and beyond), where sexual impulses re-emerge. Focus shifts to establishing intimate relationships.

A vivid, intrusive memory of a traumatic event that feels like it's happening in the present.

A state of reduced emotional responsiveness, where an individual feels detached from their emotions.

An amplified reaction to unexpected noises or stimuli, often a symptom of trauma.

A persistent and severe mood disorder that interferes with daily life, involving low mood and other symptoms for at least two weeks.

Fatigue, sense of worthlessness, reduced interest, appetite and sleep disturbances.

A mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, experiencing periods of both mania and depression.

An eating disorder characterized by extreme restriction of calorie intake, leading to a significantly low body weight.

An eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging behaviors like vomiting.

Characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging behaviors.

A disorder unique to Japan, characterized by a fear of interpersonal relationships and embarrassing others.

A disorder where an individual possesses two or more distinct personality states, each with unique memories and behaviors.

Extraordinarily severe abuse in early childhood, often involving physical, sexual, or emotional abuse.

A severe mental disorder characterized by distorted perception of reality, altered emotions, and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior.

Hallucinations and delusions, thought disorders, and disorders of movement.

Social withdrawal, behavior deficits, and flat affect.

Attention difficulties, memory problems, and impaired decision making.

A complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors contribute to the development of schizophrenia.

Views psychological disorders as having biological origins, like genetic factors, chemical imbalances, or brain abnormalities.

Focuses on how learning, stress, negative thinking patterns, and social environment contribute to psychological disorders.

Combines biological, psychological, and social factors to explain the development and expression of mental disorders.

Suggests people with a predisposition (diathesis) to a disorder are more likely to develop it when faced with stressful life events.

An underlying predisposition to a specific disorder, often biological or psychological.

The influence of genes in determining an individual's susceptibility to developing a particular disorder.

A classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose and categorize mental disorders.

Uncontrollable fears that are disproportionate and disruptive to normal functioning.

Characterized by chronic, excessive worry for at least 6 months, accompanied by difficulty identifying the cause of anxiety.

Involves recurrent, sudden episodes of intense fear (panic attacks), often occurring without warning.

An irrational, persistent, and overwhelming fear of a specific object or situation.

Intense and persistent fear of social situations and facing scrutiny by others, leading to avoidance.

Characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) done to try to control those thoughts.

Develops after a traumatic event, involving intrusive memories, avoidance, and heightened arousal.

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single person.