Introduction to Psychology - Exam 3

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Questions and Answers

What does motivation energize, direct, and sustain?

Behavior, thoughts, and feelings (correct)

Motivations, impulses, and emotions

Instincts, needs, and fear

Consciousness, awareness, and behavior

Which of the following is NOT a basic need in Self-Determination Theory?

Autonomy

Competence

Status (correct)

Relatedness

According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which need comes after safety needs?

Love and belonging needs (correct)

Physiological needs

Esteem needs

Self-actualization

Which theory posits that emotions result from the perception of physiological changes?

James-Lange Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of self-actualized individuals?

Continued freshness of appreciation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following autonomic nervous system branches arouses the body?

Sympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the limbic system's amygdala?

Emotion processing Signup and view all the answers

What does the facial feedback hypothesis suggest?

Facial expressions can influence emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the representativeness heuristic in decision-making?

Making judgments based on stereotypes of a group Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence, defined by Raymond Cattell, refers to learned knowledge and skills?

Crystallized intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hindsight bias' imply in decision making?

Overestimating the predictability of an event after it has occurred Signup and view all the answers

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences includes which type of intelligence that relates to understanding oneself?

Intrapersonal intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes the influence of genetic factors and the environment on individual intelligence potential?

Range of reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is loss aversion in the context of decision-making biases?

The preference to avoid losses more than acquiring equivalent gains Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment is specifically designed for adults to measure intelligence?

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Signup and view all the answers

What is dysgraphia?

Struggling to write legibly Signup and view all the answers

What did the Flynn Effect refer to in terms of intelligence over time?

An increase in average IQ scores in many populations Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of emotional intelligence?

Understanding emotions of oneself and others Signup and view all the answers

Which component of personality is primarily responsible for managing practical demands and reality?

Ego Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Freud's psychoanalysis in terms of personality development?

Sex drive Signup and view all the answers

During which psychosexual stage does the Oedipus complex occur?

Phallic stage Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own faults to others?

Projection Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'collective unconscious' refer to in Jung’s Analytical Theory?

Innate psychological structures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is NOT part of the Five Factor Model (OCEAN)?

Ambition Signup and view all the answers

What primary motivator does Horney’s sociocultural approach suggest influences behavior?

Need for security Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions?

Sublimation Signup and view all the answers

Which trait of the Five Factor Model is associated with higher GPA and better performance?

Conscientiousness Signup and view all the answers

In which psychosexual stage does the ego become established?

Oral stage Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of personality does the superego primarily govern?

Moral standards Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criticism of trait perspectives in psychology?

Neglect of situational influences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of humanistic perspectives in psychology?

Supporting personal growth Signup and view all the answers

According to the Five Factor Model, which trait is linked to well-being and happiness?

Extraversion Signup and view all the answers

What does the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion emphasize as key components in determining emotions?

Physiological arousal and cognitive labeling Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of negative emotions according to adaptive theories of emotion?

Facilitating immediate corrective actions Signup and view all the answers

In the study conducted by Dutton & Aron, why were participants on the unstable bridge more likely to call the female experimenter afterward?

The instability heightened their physiological arousal. Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of autism according to the content provided?

Qualitative impairments in social interaction Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'Theory of Mind' entail?

Recognizing that others have distinct mental states and perspectives Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between natural and artificial concepts?

Natural concepts arise from direct experience, while artificial concepts are defined by specific characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What role does Schema play in cognitive processing?

A schema organizes related concepts and guides expectations. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'hedonic treadmill' refer to in the context of happiness?

Pleasure is ephemeral and individuals continually seek new sources of happiness. Signup and view all the answers

What do mirror neurons specialize in?

Responding to both observing and performing actions or emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What does involuntary treatment refer to in mental health care?

Mandatory therapy sessions, such as those in parole conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes aversive conditioning?

Introducing unpleasant stimuli to decrease undesirable behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'System I/Automatic' reasoning refer to?

Fast, instinctive, and often subconscious thinking. Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Excessive arousal Signup and view all the answers

How is empathy connected to Simulation Theory?

Empathy relies on shared cognitive resources for emotion perception. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Bipolar Disorder from Major Depressive Disorder?

Presence of manic episodes Signup and view all the answers

What is a common goal of cognitive therapy?

Changing how individuals think to affect their feelings and actions Signup and view all the answers

Anorexia is primarily characterized by which of the following?

Restriction of calorie intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary technique used in systematic desensitization?

Gradually associating a pleasant state with anxiety-inducing stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?

Concluding that a new animal will behave like all previously observed animals. Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy emphasizes the role of the therapist in providing structure and guidance?

Directive play therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential obstacle to the direct pursuit of happiness?

The hedonic treadmill affecting long-term satisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

What unique disorder is prevalent in Japan, characterized by fear of interpersonal relationships?

Taijin Kyofusho Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is classified as a positive symptom of Schizophrenia?

Hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

In cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), what is a significant focus compared to traditional therapy?

Present issues rather than past behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of event schema?

It is hard to change once established. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'free association' mean in psychoanalysis?

Patients express thoughts without censorship or restraint Signup and view all the answers

Borderline Personality Disorder is primarily characterized by which of the following traits?

Impulsive and unstable relationships Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive distortion involves viewing situations in extremes, such as success or total failure?

Polarized thinking Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biological factors is associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

Decreased dopamine activity Signup and view all the answers

What type of mental health treatment is characterized by patients transferring emotions associated with other relationships to the therapist?

Transference Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states?

Dissociative Identity Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of token economy in behavior therapy?

To reward desired behaviors with exchangeable tokens Signup and view all the answers

What was a common feature of American asylums in the 19th century?

Ostracization rather than treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is a common genetic factor identified in both Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa?

Multiple gene efficacy Signup and view all the answers

Dopamine regulation is critical in the understanding of which disorder?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which type of personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others?

Antisocial Personality Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by significant depressive episodes lasting at least two weeks?

Major Depressive Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic approach emphasizes that the therapist should not give advice but instead help clients identify their own conflicts?

Non-directive therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of antipsychotic medications?

Block dopamine to treat positive psychotic symptoms Signup and view all the answers

How do atypical antipsychotics differ from typical antipsychotics?

They target both dopamine and serotonin receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of unconditional positive regard in therapy?

To accept clients without judgment Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of long-term substance use on the brain?

Altered brain chemistry leading to a higher risk of relapse Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment modality involves a therapist assessing the client’s clinical needs after initial contact?

Intake procedure Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural competence in mental health care primarily require?

Understanding of race, culture, and ethnicity Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential barrier to mental health treatment related to sociocultural factors?

Ethical disparities in service delivery Signup and view all the answers

Which approach focuses primarily on the interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors in understanding disorders?

Biopsychosocial Model Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Chronic excessive worry Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor associated with the vulnerability-stress hypothesis?

Predisposition plus environmental stress Signup and view all the answers

What is a common psychological factor that contributes to Anxiety Disorders?

Harsh self-standards and critical parenting Signup and view all the answers

What does the DSM-5 primarily provide for mental health professionals?

A classification system for disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a subtype of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Trichotillomania Signup and view all the answers

What is a known biological factor that may contribute to Panic Disorder?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

Which feature best describes PTSD?

Chronic physical arousal Signup and view all the answers

What is one major disadvantage of using the DSM classification system?

It can lead to stigma and over-diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by a persistent fear of social scrutiny?

Social Anxiety Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a biological characteristic associated with the etiology of Specific Phobia?

Genetic disposition Signup and view all the answers

What type of factor does the Psychosocial Perspective emphasize in understanding psychological disorders?

Stress and learning experiences Signup and view all the answers

In which way might depression manifest differently in Euro-Americans compared to Asian-Americans?

Dampened emotional reactivity in Euro-Americans Signup and view all the answers

What does Dan McAdams emphasize in relation to identity?

Importance of one's life story Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criticism of the life story approach in personality evaluation?

It is difficult and time-consuming to analyze. Signup and view all the answers

How does the social cognitive perspective view individual behavior?

As shaped by conscious awareness and goals. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of personality does the biological perspective emphasize?

Genetic and neurobiological bases. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major finding from twin studies in behavioral genetics?

There is a substantial genetic influence on the Big Five traits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the reliability of projective tests in personality assessment?

They lack standardized scoring methods. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of the bystander effect illustrate?

The presence of others can lead to a diffusion of responsibility. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct example of self-serving bias?

Blaming external factors for personal failure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive dissonance theory?

The discomfort arising from conflicting beliefs and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with social identity theory?

It describes how identities are formed through cultural aspects. Signup and view all the answers

What is ethnocentrism primarily associated with?

Valuing one’s own culture as superior to others. Signup and view all the answers

What does behavioral genetics contribute to the understanding of personality?

It implies that genetic factors significantly shape personality traits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary criticism of social cognitive theory?

It overemphasizes situational factors and change. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation

Motivation: The force driving thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, energizing, directing, and sustaining actions.
Evolutionary Approach: Focuses on instincts and innate drives.
Optimum Arousal Theory: Performance is best at moderate arousal levels (Yerkes-Dodson law).
Drive Reduction Theory: Motivated behaviors aim to reduce internal drives and maintain homeostasis.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: A sequence of needs (physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization) prioritized from basic to complex.
Self-Actualization: The drive to reach one's full potential, characterized by specific traits (efficient perception, acceptance, reliance on experience, spontaneity, task-centering, autonomy, appreciation, relationships, solitude, humor, compassion, few close friends).
Self-Determination Theory: Emphasizes the three basic needs for motivation: competence, relatedness, and autonomy.
Self-Regulation: The ability to control and direct behavior towards important goals.
Effective Goal Setting: Goals should be specific, moderately challenging, and include long-term purpose and short-term accomplishment.
Procrastination: Linked to impulsivity.

Emotion

Emotion: A feeling involving physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression.
Physiological Arousal: Controlled by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic for arousal, parasympathetic for calming).
Measuring Physiological Arousal: The polygraph measures heart rate, breathing, and skin conductance; however, it's not reliable for detecting deception.
Limbic System (Amygdala): Processes stimuli using a direct route (quick) and an indirect route (detailed).
James-Lange Theory: Physiological arousal precedes emotion.
Cannon-Bard Theory: Physiological arousal and emotion occur simultaneously and independently.
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion (Schachter/Singer): Emotion is determined by both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Facial expressions can influence emotional experience (e.g., the pen-in-mouth experiment).
Emotion: Cognitive Factors: Cognitive appraisal plays a key role in emotional experience.
Emotional Valence: Positive versus negative affect.
Emotional Arousal: Levels of activity and engagement.
Adaptive Function of Emotions: Negative emotions motivate corrective action; positive emotions encourage exploration and creativity.
Resilience: Combines positive outlook and emotional wisdom.
Pursuit of Happiness: Obstacles include the hedonic treadmill (pleasure is fleeting), and direct pursuit of happiness can backfire.
Reading Emotions: Inferred from behavior, expression, and gaze, using skills like empathy.
Empathy & Simulation Theory: Emotional understanding through shared cognitive resources.
Mirror Neurons: Neurons that respond to observing and performing actions/emotions.
Theory of Mind: Understanding other's mental states and differences from one's own.
Meta-Representation: Understanding that others' beliefs can differ from one's own and reality.
Autism: A developmental condition characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.
Weak Central Coherence: Preference for local over global processing.
Systemizing vs. Empathizing: Focus on systems and rules vs. emotional understanding.

Thinking and Intelligence

Cognition: The processing and manipulation of information related to remembering, thinking, and knowing.
Computer Analogy: Psychology in the 1950s focused on the mind's processes.
Concepts: Categories of information, images, ideas, or memories used to see relationships. Can be complex or concrete.
Prototypes: The best examples of a concept.
Natural and Artificial Concepts: Natural concepts arise from experience; artificial concepts are defined by specific characteristics.
Schema: A mental construct of related concepts (e.g., role schema, event schema/cognitive script).
Reasoning: Evaluating alternatives, making choices, and maximizing outcomes.
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning: Different approaches to evaluating information and making conclusions.
System I/Automatic vs. System II/Controlled: Different thought processes with different control levels.
Representativeness Heuristic: Judging membership based on stereotypes rather than base rates.
Decision-Making Biases: Errors in decision-making, including loss aversion, confirmation bias, hindsight bias, availability heuristic, and base-rate neglect.
Intelligence: A multifaceted concept with various definitions.
Spearman's Intelligence: Proposed a general intelligence factor (g).
Cattell's Intelligence: Distinguished between crystallized and fluid intelligence.
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory: Intelligence includes analytical, creative, and practical aspects.
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences: Proposed different types of intelligence.
Emotional Intelligence: Understanding and regulating one's own and others' emotions.
Creativity: The ability to generate new ideas, solutions, and possibilities.
Divergent vs. Convergent Thinking: Different approaches to problem-solving.
Intelligence Measurement: Using methods like IQ tests (Stanford-Binet, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), standardization, and norming.
Flynn Effect: Observed rise in average IQ scores over time.
Nature vs. Nurture: Debate on the relative contributions of genetics and environment to intelligence.
Learning Disabilities: Cognitive disorders affecting language and reading abilities, including dysgraphia and dyslexia.

Personality

Personality: Characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
Historical Views: Ancient Greek humors, Victorian phrenology.
Psychodynamic Perspectives: Personality is primarily unconscious, driven by early childhood experiences.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: The Id (pleasure principle), the Ego (reality principle), and the Superego (moral principle) shape personality, through psychosexual stages.
Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious strategies to reduce anxiety.
Psychodynamic Dissenters and Revisionists: Horney (sociocultural), Jung (collective unconscious), Adler (perfection).
Humanistic Perspectives: Emphasizes personal growth, inherent goodness, and self-perception.
Unconditional Positive Regard: Acceptance and valuation regardless of behavior.
Trait Perspectives: Describes personality through traits, like the Big Five (OCEAN).
Five-Factor Model (OCEAN): Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism/Stability.
Personological Perspectives: Focus on individual life stories and experiences (e.g., Henry Murray, Dan McAdams).
Social Cognitive Perspectives: Emphasizes conscious awareness, beliefs, and goals as well as interaction between individuals and their environments (delay of gratification, emotional regulation).
Personality Assessment: Techniques such as projective tests (Rorschach, TAT) provide insights into personality structure.

Social Psychology: Study of thoughts, influences, and relationships between people.
Prosocial Behavior: Helpful actions toward others (altruism, egoism).
Bystander Effect: The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help in the presence of others.
Diffusion of Responsibility: Reduction in individual responsibility in a group.
Social Perception: How we perceive other people, including stereotypes and attribution theory.
Stereotype Threat: Anxiety related to confirming a negative stereotype about one's group.
Attributions: Explanations for others' and one's own behavior.
Attribution Theory: Internal and external, stable and unstable, controllable and uncontrollable causes of behavior.
Attribution Errors and Biases: Fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias.
Attitudes and Behavior: The relationship between attitudes and actions.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Inconsistency between attitudes and behavior creates tension.
Self-Perception Theory: Behavior influences attitudes.
Predictors of Aggression, Attraction, & Relationships: Factors influencing these social phenomena.

Psychological Disorders

Psychopathology: The study of psychological disorders.
Psychological Disorder: Conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Theoretical Approaches: Biological (medical model), psychological (experiences, thoughts, emotions), sociocultural (social context), biopsychosocial (interaction of factors), and diathesis-stress model (predisposition and stress).
DSM-5: The classification system for psychological disorders (American Psychiatric Association).
Anxiety-Related Disorders: Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, PTSD.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): A persistent period of low mood, impaired functioning, and lack of pleasure.
Bipolar Disorder: Characterized by extreme mood swings (mania and depression).
Eating Disorders: Anorexia, bulimia, binge-eating (cultural influences).
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Presence of two or more distinct personalities.
Schizophrenia: A severe disorder of thought, perception, emotion, motivation, and behavior.
Personality Disorders: Deep-seated, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating. Examples: antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Inconsistent inattention and/or impulsivity and hyperactivity.
Treatment Modalities: Individual, group, family, couples therapy.
Treatment: Psychoanalysis (free association, dream analysis), play therapy, behavior therapy (classical and operant conditioning), cognitive therapy (CBT, RET, systematic desensitization), humanistic therapy (client-centered, active listening), and biomedical therapies (psychotropic medications, ECT).
Addiction: Characterized by chronic substance use, often with a biological component (relating to other disorders) and relapse potential. Treatment includes long-term support and behavioral strategies.
Cultural Competence: Understanding cultural factors in mental health and seeking sensitivity in caregiving.

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