Psychology of Memory & Learning exam 1

<p>Dual-trace theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrated the importance of spaced repetition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-term storage requiring cues for retrieval (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After-image (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiamine deficiency, often due to alcoholism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mediates fast synaptic transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activated by glutamate alone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stabilize and reshape synapses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting gene expression for long-term synaptic changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15-30 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory Memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short-Term Memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Echoic memory is for auditory information, while iconic memory is for visual information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic connections are strengthened with repeated experience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to a stimulating environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rewarding the behavior after it occurs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A student is given a sticker for completing their homework on time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skinner expanded on Thorndike's work, introducing new concepts such as reinforcement schedules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By repetitively reviewing material in short intervals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eidetic memory is the same as photographic memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To store and process auditory information for a short period. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7 ± 2 items (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cowan showed that the capacity of short-term memory is significantly smaller than Miller's estimate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Typing on a keyboard without consciously thinking about the keys. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicit memory involves the conscious recall of facts and events. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to form new memories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help organize receptors and signaling molecules, ensuring proper synaptic strength. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delivering a high-frequency stimulation (tetanus) to the synapse followed by recording enhanced synaptic responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They phosphorylate proteins, altering their function and affecting cellular processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stronger stimulation results in longer-lasting LTP. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axon hillock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical signals reflecting the summed activity of many neurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptors, scaffolding proteins, and signaling molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing strategies for effective legal arguments and cross-examination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A gradual decrease in response to a repeated stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic memory is about specific events, while semantic memory is about general knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Being able to ride a bicycle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observational learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different types of memory rely on different brain structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different types of memory depend on distinct brain regions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rat exploring a maze without any reward but later using that knowledge to find the exit quickly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ebbinghaus developed scientific methods for studying memory, using nonsense syllables to measure pure memory.

The forgetting curve illustrates how memory retention declines over time, showing rapid initial forgetting followed by a slower decline.

This theory posits that memory strength declines gradually over time, suggesting a single memory trace.

This theory suggests that there are two memory traces: a short-term trace that fades quickly and a long-term trace that decays slowly.

Ribot's Law states that older memories are more resistant to damage than newer ones, explaining why recent memories are forgotten first.

A condition caused by thiamine deficiency, often due to alcoholism, characterized by anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation.

William James identified three stages: immediate sensory memory (after-image), short-term retention (primary), and long-term storage (secondary).

The Neuron Doctrine proposes that neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system, emphasizing their role in memory and cognition.

A process that strengthens synaptic connections due to repeated stimulation, essential for learning and memory.

Technique using electrodes to measure electrical signals from groups of neurons, reflecting synaptic strength.

Includes presynaptic terminal (releases neurotransmitters), synaptic cleft (space), and postsynaptic membrane (receives signals).

A structure containing receptors (like AMPA, NMDA), scaffolding proteins, and signaling proteins involved in synaptic transmission.

Proteins that organize receptors and signaling molecules in the postsynaptic density, maintaining synaptic strength.

First messengers are external signals (like neurotransmitters); second messengers are internal molecules that amplify the signals.

Enzymes that alter protein functions by adding phosphate groups, critical for signal transduction in pathways related to LTP.

Stronger stimulation leads to longer-lasting LTP, as more calcium influx results in greater synaptic modifications.

Memory of personal experiences and specific events.

Individual nerve cells in the brain, not physically connected.

Cajal's idea that synaptic connections strengthen with experience.

Memory of general facts and knowledge.

Implicit memory for motor skills and actions acquired through practice.

Showed enriched environments increase synaptic connections.

Decreased response to a repeated stimulus over time.

Learning through pairing stimuli, discovered by Pavlov.

Increased response to a repeated stimulus over time.

Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are reinforced.

B.F. Skinner's method using reinforcement and punishment.

Learning that occurs without immediate application or reinforcement.

A sudden realization of how to solve a problem.

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

Theory stating different memory types rely on different brain areas.

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

Long-term potentiation, enhanced synaptic strength from stimulation.

Receptors that require glutamate and depolarization for activation.

Receptors activated solely by glutamate for quick synaptic transmission.

Calcium triggers second messengers, activates kinases, and supports gene expression.

Proteins that stabilize and reshape synapses for long-term memory.

Temporary storage lasting 15-30 seconds, holds 7 +/- 2 items.

Stores knowledge and experiences from minutes to a lifetime.

Brief visual memory lasting about 0.5 seconds.

Vivid, long-lasting visual recall, often called 'photographic memory'.

Short-term auditory memory lasting about 2–4 seconds, useful for speech processing.

States that short-term memory can hold 7 ± 2 items.

Revised estimate of short-term memory capacity to 4 ± 1 items.

Conscious recall of facts and events, such as historic dates (semantic) or personal experiences (episodic).

Unconscious skills and learned behaviors, like riding a bike (procedural) or conditioned fears.

Consolidates short-term memories into long-term memories; its removal leads to anterograde amnesia.

Episodic memory involves personal experiences, while semantic memory involves facts and knowledge.