Memory Theories Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the 3 processes involved in cognitive operations related to memory?

  • Observation, Experimentation, Conclusion
  • Introduction, Implementation, Assessment
  • Comprehension, Analysis, Reflection
  • Encoding, Storage, Retrieval (correct)

    • Which type of memory has a modality-specific nature and gets disrupted by new information in the same modality?

  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory
  • Working memory
  • Sensory memory (correct)

    • What is the duration of unaided Short-Term Memory (STM) according to the text?

  • 1 to 2 minutes
  • Over 1 hour
  • 5 to 10 seconds
  • 15 to 30 seconds (correct)

    • Which task involves introducing distractions immediately after a digit span test to prevent rehearsal?

    <p>Brown Paterson task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of coding is primarily used by Short-Term Memory (STM) according to the text?

    <p>Acoustic coding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capacity of Short-Term Memory (STM) based on Miller's theory?

    <p>7+/- 2 items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which information is held in Short-Term Memory (STM)?

    <p>Rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory has unlimited capacity and lasts for an indefinite duration?

    <p>Long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of memory is autobiographical, self-focused, and spatio-temporal?

    <p>Episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Atkinson & Shiffrin, which two types of memory are regarded as structural components?

    <p>Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed fourth component of Working Memory (WM) according to Baddley & Hitch's model?

    <p>Episodic buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Working Memory, what consists of auditory rehearsal loops?

    <p>Phonological loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between flashbulb memories and other types of memories?

    <p>Flashbulb memories are not affected by time as much.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Memory Displacement theory suggest?

    <p>New information replaces old information due to capacity limitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains forgetting due to a lack of proper cues for recall?

    <p>Retrieval failure theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that aids in recall according to the encoding specificity principle?

    <p>Presence of similar cues during encoding and retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a memory strategy to improve encoding mentioned in the text?

    <p>Using mnemonic techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amnesia is characterized by the loss of the ability to form or retain new episodic memories after an injury?

    <p>Anterograde Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason behind the primacy effect in memory serial position?

    <p>Long-term memory consolidation of initial words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process of memory retrieval is likened to solving multiple-choice questions?

    <p>Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve, when does forgetting occur most rapidly?

    <p>Over the first nine hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon an example of?

    <p>Blocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that influences the probability of remembering items or events according to memory studies?

    <p>Retrieving the material during the test period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes continuous motor skills from discrete motor skills in terms of forgetting?

    <p>Continuous skills do not forget at all, unlike discrete skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transient global amnesia and situation-specific amnesia?

    <p>Global amnesia is caused by a traumatic life event, while situation-specific amnesia is associated with crimes and PTSD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of fugue state as a type of psychogenic global amnesia?

    <p>Retrograde memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of amnesic syndrome does immediate memory remain unimpaired?

    <p>Korsakoff’s syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of delirium in hospitalized older patients?

    <p>Increased risk for death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bedside test is useful to investigate Korsakoff’s syndrome?

    <p>Three words learning task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes memory loss following ECT from other types of amnesia described in the text?

    <p>Rapid reduction in memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonest test of auditory, verbal immediate memory?

    <p>Digit span</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is commonly used to assess anterograde memory and learning?

    <p>Three words learning task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to more easily recall information congruent with the current mood?

    <p>Mood-state dependent retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves reconstructing memory at test using organized sets of facts?

    <p>Elaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with Alzheimer’s disease, how do they typically perform in the paired associates test?

    <p>Equally poorly on both related and unrelated pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age of the earliest retrieved memory in infantile amnesia?

    <p>~3.5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for performances in short-term memory?

    <p>Pre-frontal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that describes unconscious distortion and modification of memory based on present psychological needs?

    <p>Retrospective Falsification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test involves asking subjects to read a short story and recall elements after 30 minutes?

    <p>Wechsler memory tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon refers to retrieval of information being easier if the emotional state at encoding matches the emotional state at retrieval?

    <p>Mood-state dependent retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process of memory involves accessing and recovering information from memory stores?

    <p>Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capacity of Sensory Memory according to the text?

    <p>Unlimited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory gets consolidated or 'moves' into short-term memory if attention is paid to it during perception?

    <p>Sensory Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Short-Term Memory (STM) primarily use for coding according to the text?

    <p>Visual Coding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of introducing distractions immediately after a digit span test in Short-Term Memory (STM)?

    <p>Prevents rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of Short-Term Memory (STM) if maintenance rehearsals are prevented according to the text?

    <p>~15-30 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of elaborative encoding in the memory process?

    <p>To encode information semantically for storage in LTM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction between maintenance/rote rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?

    <p>Maintenance rehearsal keeps information in Long-Term Memory (LTM), while elaborative rehearsal encodes information semantically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is working memory often considered a broader concept than Short-Term Memory (STM)?

    <p>Because working memory allows cognitive processes on briefly stored data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does semantic processing involve in terms of encoding during rehearsal?

    <p>Making deeper encoding and meaning-related associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes procedural or implicit memory from other types of memory?

    <p>It is unaffected by organic amnesia of hippocampal origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fugue state from situation-specific amnesia?

    <p>Ability to recall personal identity in fugue state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the proposed episodic buffer in Working Memory (WM) help with memory processing?

    <p>By providing a temporary storage for integrating diverse types of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what percentage of homicides do offenders claim amnesia?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes Korsakoff's syndrome from transient global amnesia?

    <p>Procedural memory impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates delirium from Korsakoff's syndrome?

    <p>Immediate memory impairment in delirium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with PTSD may show what memory dysfunction?

    <p>Anterograde memory dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) from delirium?

    <p>Duration of amnesic gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory process is primarily responsible for retaining the initial words of a list in the memory according to the text?

    <p>Consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between primacy and recency effects in memory recall?

    <p>Position of items in the list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor contributing to better retention of last few words in a list according to the text?

    <p>Consolidation in Long-Term Memory (LTM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is primarily responsible for individuals recalling many more items with cues compared to items they can actively recall without cues?

    <p>Memory recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory suggests that disuse with time causes forgetting but lacks evidence for neurological decay?

    <p>Decay theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the 'Tip-of-the-tongue' phenomenon according to the text?

    <p>Blocking due to retrieval cues failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Memory Displacement theory propose?

    <p>New information displaces old information due to capacity limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of memory, what is proactive interference?

    <p>Interference of new learning from older learnt material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Anterograde Amnesia?

    <p>Inability to learn anything new after an injury/lesion/event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the encoding specificity principle, what improves recall?

    <p>Having context-specific cues available during recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Retrograde Amnesia from Anterograde Amnesia?

    <p>Inability to learn new information vs. loss of episodic memories stored before damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory remains relatively intact in cases of marked impairment in episodic memory such as Memory Amnesia?

    <p>Semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for unconscious distortion and modification of memory based on current psychological needs?

    <p>Retrospective Falsification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is commonly used to assess verbal immediate memory?

    <p>Three Words Learning Task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which syndrome does immediate memory usually remain unimpaired?

    <p>Amnesic Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is mainly responsible for performances in Short-Term Memory (STM)?

    <p>Prefrontal Lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amnesia is characterized by the loss of the ability to form or retain new episodic memories after an injury?

    <p>Anterograde Amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism involves reconstructing memory at test using organized sets of facts?

    <p>Schema Processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process of memory retrieval is likened to solving multiple-choice questions?

    <p>'Inference' Process</p> Signup and view all the answers

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