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Questions and Answers
What is the term for our individually determined ways of organizing memories?
Which mnemonic device involves creating interactive images that link isolated words in a list?
The method of loci mnemonic device involves visualizing what?
Which mnemonic technique associates each new word with a previously memorized word?
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What does the term 'proactive interference' refer to in memory?
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Which memory phenomenon explains the better recall of items at the beginning of a list?
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What theory suggests that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade over time?
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Which concept involves recalling items at the end of a list more easily?
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Which memory phenomenon explains the better recall of items at the end of a list?
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What term refers to the phenomenon where people sometimes remember things as consequential that are actually inconsequential?
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In the context of memory distortions, what does the term 'blocking' refer to?
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Which of Schacter's Seven Sins of Memory involves the tendency for people to be biased in the way they recall information?
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What type of memory is linked to self-esteem and influences whether individuals remember more positive or negative events?
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In the context of memory distortions, which sin involves not being able to remember where we heard or read certain information?
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What factor makes people susceptible to suggestions and leads them to sometimes think they remember seeing something that was suggested to them?
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Regarding eyewitness testimony, what tendency do people have when constructing a memory that may differ from what actually occurred?
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'People sometimes think they saw things they did not see or heard things they did not hear' relates to which sin of memory?
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What aspect of memory distortion involves the idea that if a person is told they saw something, they might remember seeing it even if they did not?
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What sin of memory refers to the phenomenon when people cannot recall something despite knowing they should remember it?
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Study Notes
Memory and Forgetting
- Interference Theory: Forgetting occurs when competing information interferes with recall of previously learned information.
- Retroactive Interference: Interference caused by activity after learning, affecting recall of previously learned information.
- Proactive Interference: Interference caused by material learned before the to-be-remembered material.
- Decay Theory: Forgetting occurs due to the gradual disappearance of the memory trace unless it is maintained.
Memory Distortion
- Autobiographical Memory: Memory of an individual's history, subject to distortions and influenced by self-esteem.
- Schacter's Seven Sins of Memory:
- Transience: Memory fades quickly.
- Absent-Mindedness: Forgetting due to lack of attention.
- Blocking: Inability to retrieve information despite knowing it.
- Misattribution: Confusion about the source of information.
- Suggestibility: Susceptibility to false suggestions.
- Bias: Biased recall of information.
- Persistence: Remembering inconsequential events as important.
Eyewitness Testimony
- Eyewitness accounts are prone to distortion and construction of a different memory from what really happened.
- People may imagine seeing things they did not see.
Mnemonic Devices
- Techniques to help memorize lists of words:
- Categorical Clustering: Organizing items into categories.
- Interactive Images: Creating interactive images linking isolated words.
- Pegword System: Associating new words with previously memorized words.
- Method of Loci: Visualizing walking an area with distinctive landmarks and linking items to be remembered.
- Acronym: Creating a word or expression where each letter stands for a certain word or concept.
- Acrostic: Forming a sentence to help remember new words.
- Keyword System: Forming an interactive image linking sound and meaning of foreign words with familiar words.
Organization of Information
- Subjective Organization: Individually determined ways of organizing memories.
- Mnemonic Devices: Add meaning to otherwise meaningless lists of items.
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Description
Test your knowledge on memory distortion theories, including Interference Theory, and the processes of forgetting. Learn about how competing information and recall interference can impact memory retention.
