Psychology of Memory

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Questions and Answers

Sensory information is stored in the brain for a ______ amount of time.

brief

The Three-Stage Model of Memory includes the stages of ______, Storage, and Retrieval.

Encoding

The process of transferring information from Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory is called ______.

Consolidation

The ______ Theory suggests that information is lost over time due to non-use.

<p>Decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tendency to remember information that confirms existing beliefs is known as ______.

<p>Confirmation Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Levels of Processing Model includes both ______ and Deep Processing.

<p>Shallow</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of creating a memory is called ______.

<p>Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

The availability ______ is a tendency to overestimate the importance of vivid memories.

<p>Heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unconscious forgetting of unpleasant memories is known as ______.

<p>Repression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sensory Memory Duration

The initial stage where sensory information is briefly held.

Encoding

The first stage, converting sensory input into a usable format.

Consolidation

Moving information from short-term to long-term memory.

Decay Theory

This theory posits that memories fade due to lack of use.

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Confirmation Bias

The bias towards remembering information confirming existing beliefs.

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Shallow Processing

Processing information based on surface characteristics.

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Encoding

The initial conversion of sensory input into a memory trace.

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Availability Heuristic

Overestimating importance based on vividness.

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Repression

Unconscious blocking of disturbing memories.

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Study Notes

Types of Memory

  • Sensory Memory: brief storage of sensory information in the brain (e.g., visual, auditory)
  • Short-Term Memory (STM): limited capacity, information held for a short time ( seconds to a minute)
  • Long-Term Memory (LTM): permanent storage, capacity is relatively unlimited

Models of Memory

  • Three-Stage Model:
    1. Encoding (information enters the system)
    2. Storage (information is retained)
    3. Retrieval (information is accessed)
  • Levels of Processing Model:
    • Shallow Processing (structural, surface-level processing)
    • Deep Processing (semantic, meaningful processing)

Memory Processes

  • Encoding: process of creating a memory
  • Consolidation: process of transferring information from STM to LTM
  • Retrieval: process of accessing stored information
  • Forgetting: loss of information over time

Types of Forgetting

  • Decay Theory: information is lost over time due to non-use
  • Interference Theory: new information interferes with existing information
  • Repression: unconscious forgetting of unpleasant memories

Memory Biases and Errors

  • Confirmation Bias: tendency to remember information that confirms existing beliefs
  • Hindsight Bias: tendency to overestimate the predictability of an event
  • Availability Heuristic: tendency to overestimate the importance of vivid memories
  • Misinformation Effect: incorporating false information into memories

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