Psychology of Leadership and Motivation
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Psychology of Leadership and Motivation

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Questions and Answers

What is the correct order of Maslow's five basic needs from lowest to highest?

  • Esteem, Physiological, Safety, Self-actualization, Love
  • Physiological, Safety, Love, Esteem, Self-actualization (correct)
  • Safety, Esteem, Love, Physiological, Self-actualization
  • Self-actualization, Esteem, Love, Safety, Physiological

    • Which concept influences decision-making according to the content?

  • Affiliation
  • Expectancy (correct)
  • Self-actualization
  • Motivation

    • What does McGregor's theory primarily discuss?

  • Social needs in the workplace
  • Different levels of needs
  • Management styles based on human motivation (correct)
  • The effectiveness of rewards

    • Which need is at the top of Maslow's hierarchy?

    <p>Need for self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key concept of Adam’s Equity Theory?

    <p>Comparison and perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes employee services?

    <p>Insurance and profit-sharing plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of accident investigation in a laboratory setting?

    <p>To compile statistics for safety records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of employee relations is primarily concerned with grievances?

    <p>Collective bargaining efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chain reaction of motivation begins with which of the following?

    <p>Felt needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically included under safety provisions in a laboratory?

    <p>Employee recreational activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are intrinsic factors according to Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory?

    <p>Recognition and achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hygiene factor in Herzberg's theory?

    <p>Job security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory, which of the following relates to power needs?

    <p>Control and influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not considered an example of extrinsic factors in Herzberg’s theory?

    <p>Responsibility for one’s work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Aldefer’s ERG Theory categorize 'growth needs'?

    <p>Creativity and personal growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Vroom’s Expectancy Theory primarily focus on?

    <p>Motivation through rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Aldefer’s ERG Theory refers to the need for acceptance and belonging?

    <p>Relatedness needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a motivational factor that leads to job satisfaction?

    <p>Advancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between Theory X and Theory Y?

    <p>Theory Y posits that people are inherently motivated to work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the Law of Effect?

    <p>Expected consequences influence our responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory, what can be said about reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcement serves as a consequence of an action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does McClelland's Achievement Model emphasize?

    <p>The individual's perception of achievable goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Skinner’s view, what is the relationship between behavior and treatment?

    <p>Behavior conforms to the way individuals are treated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a component of Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory?

    <p>Reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Theory X view the ambition of individuals?

    <p>Individuals generally lack ambition and prefer security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does stimulus play in Skinner’s theory?

    <p>Stimulus influences behavior by eliciting responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an organization with strong leadership?

    <p>A clear vision for the future and measurable success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes consultative leadership from other styles?

    <p>The manager seeks feedback but retains decision-making authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a participative leadership style, who holds the main responsibility for decision-making?

    <p>The employees with guidance from management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of benevolent leadership?

    <p>Focusing solely on productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily emphasized in product-oriented leadership?

    <p>High productivity at the expense of other factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do employees play in a consultative leadership model?

    <p>They provide input, but managers make the decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style suggests that staff's responsibility in decision-making is significant but guided by management?

    <p>Participative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is crucial in motivating workers effectively?

    <p>Understanding management’s expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory

    • It is based on the idea that humans react in response to how they are treated
    • Consists of the following components:
      • Law of Effect (states that we behave based on expected consequences)
      • Stimulus (an event that influences a response)
      • Response (behavior that results from a stimulus)
      • Reinforcement (the consequence of a behavior)
      • Behavior Motivation (the application of reinforcement)

    McClelland’s Achievement Model

    • The strength of a person's motivation depends on their assessment of their chance of achieving a goal

    Organizational Factors that Influence Leadership Success

    Internal Factors

    Leadership
    • Refers to the individuals within an organization who make significant decisions
    • Strong leadership is characterized by a vision for the future, a plan to achieve their goals, and a method to measure success
    • Effective leaders create management structures that empower employees while meeting production and sales goals
    Employees
    • Motivated workers need to understand management’s expectations and be provided the tools, training, and support necessary for success

    Internal Factors

    • Safety: Includes provisions for safety standards, mechanical safeguards, accident investigation, safety rules and statistics
    • Employee Relations: Covers collective bargaining, wage & salary administration, grievance systems, medical & dental services, labor-management relations, and morale studies
    • Employee Research & Standards: Includes job analysis, job description, job evaluation, job grading, wage analysis, organization planning, and employee manuals
    • Employee Services: Encompasses recreational plans, insurance plans, profit sharing plans, and miscellaneous services

    Theories of Motivation

    • Motivation is a general term that describes drives, desires, needs, and wishes, that influence an individual’s performance

    • It involves progression from felt needs to desires, to goals, to unfulfilled desires, to action toward goals, and finally to satisfaction

    • Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory

      • Composed of Extrinsic Factors (Hygiene Factors), and Intrinsic Factors (Motivation factors)
      • Extrinsic Factors
        • Pay or salary increases
        • Technical supervision/ competent superior
        • Human relations
        • Organizational policy and administration
        • Working conditions or physical surrounding
        • Job security
      • Intrinsic Factors
        • Achievement (completing important tasks successfully)
        • Recognition (being singled out or praised)
        • Responsibility for one’s own work
        • Advancement (changing status through promotion)

    • Maslow’s Theory

      • Describes five basic needs organized into hierarchical levels
      • These needs act as motivators
      • The hierarchy of needs includes:
        • Physiological needs
        • Safety needs
        • Love needs
        • Esteem needs
        • Need for self-actualization

    • McGregor’s Theory

      • Based on Maslow’s work
      • Describes two contrasting management styles: Theory X and Theory Y
        • Theory X
          • People hate work
          • Need to be driven and threatened to achieve organizational goals
          • Lack ambition
          • Seek security
        • Theory Y
          • People don’t need to be forced or threatened
          • Work is natural
          • People will commit themselves to organizational goals
          • People seek responsibility

    • Aldefer’s ERG Theory

      • Existence needs: Physiological needs
      • Relatedness needs: Interpersonal relationships, acceptance, and belonging
      • Growth needs: Creativity, challenge, and personal growth in the job

    • Vroom’s Expectancy Theory

      • Effort will bring rewards
      • Variables influence decision making:
        • Expectancy (effort-performance relationship)
        • Instrumentality (performance-reward relationship)
        • Valance (the value placed on the reward)
        • Choices (the selection of a specific action path)

    • Adam’s Equity Theory

      • People compare their work situation to others in similar roles
      • Key concepts:
        • Comparison
        • Perception

    • Benevolent and Authoritative

      • Managers know what is best for employees and only inform and direct

    • Consultative

      • The opinions and advice of staff are useful, but decisions remain with the manager

    • Participative

      • Staff are given input and responsibility for decision-making with general guidance and oversight from management

    Principles of Leadership

    • Employee-Oriented
      • Managers have stronger ties to employees than to production work
    • Product-Oriented:
      • Focuses on high productivity at the expense of other factors

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    Description

    Explore key theories related to leadership and motivation, focusing on Skinner's Reinforcement Theory and McClelland's Achievement Model. Understand how internal organizational factors influence leadership success and the role of effective leadership within an organization.

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