Psychology of Instruction

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes norm-referenced tests from criterion-referenced tests?

Criterion-referenced tests compare performance to that of others.

Norm-referenced tests evaluate students against a group. (correct)

Criterion-referenced tests are based on cultural assessments.

Norm-referenced tests assess mastery of specific skills.

Which assessment technique evaluates a student's performance on an actual task?

Performance-based assessment (correct)

Formative evaluation

Norm-referenced assessment

Portfolio assessment

What is the purpose of using portfolio assessment?

To collect and assess various samples of a student's work. (correct)

To evaluate test scores against a standard unit.

To provide an overview of performance on standardized tests.

To measure specific skills compared to peers.

What must teachers consider when constructing tests?

The cultural biases present in standardized tests. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when scores fall within certain percentiles?

Scores reflect the percentage of individuals scoring below that score. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Ausubel's advance organizers?

To establish connections between new material and broader ideas. Signup and view all the answers

Which reasoning method is primarily used in Ausubel's meaningful verbal learning?

Deductive reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does Bruner's discovery learning emphasize?

Student-led exploration and discovery. Signup and view all the answers

In Gagne's model of events, the approach primarily focuses on:

Presenting lessons in a fully organized manner. Signup and view all the answers

Bruner's instruction model assumes that students learn best when they:

Are guided to discover principles from examples. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT part of Ausubel's meaningful verbal learning?

Using examples before stating general principles. Signup and view all the answers

What does meaningful verbal learning rely on in terms of student-teacher interaction?

Dynamic interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What approach does Bruner suggest for students to understand concepts?

Deriving concepts through activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of discovery learning?

The process of inquiry and problem solving Signup and view all the answers

Which approach involves guiding students to avoid common pitfalls while exploring a topic?

Guided discovery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the nine events in Gagne's model of instruction?

Create visual learning aids Signup and view all the answers

How does assessment differ from measurement?

Measurement refers to numerical expressions of concepts. Signup and view all the answers

What must tests demonstrate to be considered valid?

Usefulness of the inferences drawn from scores Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity assesses whether a test measures what it claims to measure?

Construct validity Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of standardized tests?

They maintain constant administration and scoring procedures. Signup and view all the answers

Which method can be used to assess measurement reliability?

Test-retest method Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychology of Instruction

Effective lesson planning is crucial for presenting new material to students.
Three instructional strategy approaches include:
- Ausubel's advance organizers to connect new knowledge with broader concepts.
- Bruner's discovery learning for encouraging student-led exploration.
- Gagne's model of events that outlines instructional steps.

Ausubel's Meaningful Verbal Learning

Advocates active teacher-student interaction through meaningful verbal learning.
Emphasizes expository teaching, providing a clear and organized presentation of material.
Utilizes deductive reasoning where students learn principles before specific instances.
The use of advance organizers helps prepare students for subsequent learning.

Bruner's Discovery Learning

Suggests that learning is more effective when students explore concepts independently.
Promotes inductive reasoning to allow students to derive principles from examples.
Involves problem-solving in which students generate hypotheses and conduct experiments.
Encourages a focus on the learning process rather than the final product.

Guided Discovery

Involves the teacher providing direction to prevent students from pursuing dead ends.
Includes posing stimulating questions and offering engaging materials to foster inquiry.
Supports students in generating and testing their own hypotheses.

Gagne's Model of Instruction

Based on information processing theory, Gagne's model includes nine sequential events:
- Gaining students' attention.
- Providing lesson objectives.
- Retrieving prior knowledge.
- Presenting stimulus material.
- Guiding learning.
- Eliciting student responses.
- Providing feedback.
- Assessing performance.
- Enhancing retention and transfer of knowledge.

Assessment of Learning Outcomes

Assessment interprets measurements, while measurement quantifies concepts numerically.
Reliable measurement techniques include test-retest, equivalent forms, and split-half methods.
Validity in tests ensures meaningful interpretation of scores, encompassing:
- Content validity
- Criterion-related validity
- Construct validity
Standardized tests maintain constant administration and scoring procedures.
Test results typically fall on a normal (bell-shaped) curve, equating mean, median, and mode.
Norm-referenced tests compare student performance with peers; criterion-referenced tests assess mastery of specific skills.
Percentiles indicate the proportion of students scoring below a given score.
Various evaluation types include placement, formative, summative, and diagnostic evaluation.
Test construction requires careful planning of content and format, addressing cultural bias.
Performance-based assessment measures real-life task execution, while portfolio assessment gathers student work for evaluation.

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Description

This quiz explores the psychology behind lesson planning and instructional strategies. It highlights key approaches such as Ausubel's advance organizers and Brunner's models to understand how to effectively present new material to students.