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Questions and Answers
What aspect does the presence of others primarily influence according to Zajonc's Social Facilitation Drive Theory?
What aspect does the presence of others primarily influence according to Zajonc's Social Facilitation Drive Theory?
According to the research by Park and Catrambone, how does the presence of a human-like avatar affect task performance?
According to the research by Park and Catrambone, how does the presence of a human-like avatar affect task performance?
What is the primary implication of Hogg and Vaughan's definition of groups?
What is the primary implication of Hogg and Vaughan's definition of groups?
Which finding related to social facilitation was highlighted by Herman in 2015?
Which finding related to social facilitation was highlighted by Herman in 2015?
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What term describes the archetypal roles within a group as mentioned in the content?
What term describes the archetypal roles within a group as mentioned in the content?
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What was a key result from Triplett's 1898 study involving children and fishing reels?
What was a key result from Triplett's 1898 study involving children and fishing reels?
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What does the concept of 'group effects' suggest about competitive environments according to Snyder's 2012 research?
What does the concept of 'group effects' suggest about competitive environments according to Snyder's 2012 research?
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What primarily dictates the level of control an individual has over a group, according to the content?
What primarily dictates the level of control an individual has over a group, according to the content?
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What finding did Bond and Titus present regarding social facilitation?
What finding did Bond and Titus present regarding social facilitation?
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What role does arousal play in the context of social facilitation as described?
What role does arousal play in the context of social facilitation as described?
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Study Notes
Groups
- Hogg and Vaughan (2017) define groups as two or more people sharing a common definition and evaluation of themselves, behaving accordingly.
- Johnson and Johnson (1987) describe groups as collections of interacting individuals, with smaller groups nested within larger ones. Roles within groups, including the duration and commitment level (peripheral or archetypal), influence the group's control.
- Triplett (1898) studied the effects of competition on performance in bicycle races; accompanied competitors were faster than solo competitors.
- Zajonc's (1965) drive theory suggests the presence of others causes arousal, increasing dominant responses which leads to increased performance when tasks are simple but decreased performance for difficult tasks.
Virtual Social Facilitation/Inhibition
- Park and Catrambone (2007): studied the impact of physical presence on task completion, reporting that the presence of physical presence on task completion, reporting that the presence of physical company increased time for difficult tasks but decreased time on easy tasks. A human-like avatar showed a similar effect, though less pronounced than physical presence.
Evaluation
- Strobe (2005) and Bond and Titus (1983) found evidence of social loafing having a small impact on results.
- Ringelmann (1913) studied team performance decline and found an inverse relationship between group size and individual effort.
Social Loafing
- Ingham (1974) replicated Ringelmann's study by manipulating confederates, reinforcing the idea that perceived lack of individual effort is a key driver of social loafing.
Belonging
- Baumeister and Leary (1995) suggest belonging is a fundamental human need.
- Caring bonds are sought through positive relationships, supporting reproduction, protection and resources.
Ostracism
- Ostracism, the act of excluding someone, disrupts a person's sense of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence.
- Williams (2007) highlighted the undermining effect of ostracism on these fundamental needs.
- Cyberball is a game used to study ostracism.
- Zadro et al (2006) observed social anxiety in those experiencing ostracism.
- Williams and Sommer (1997) found that ostracized individuals may compensate with increased effort on tasks and, in females specifically, display higher task performance. However, in males this effect was less pronounced.
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Description
This quiz explores the dynamics of groups, including definitions and evaluations from Hogg & Vaughan and Johnson & Johnson. It also delves into historical studies by Triplett and Zajonc regarding competition and performance, along with insights into virtual social facilitation. Test your knowledge on the influential theories of group behavior and social interaction.
