Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main conclusion Zajonc derived regarding the effect of audience presence on performance?
What is the main conclusion Zajonc derived regarding the effect of audience presence on performance?
- The presence of an audience only impairs performance on well-learned tasks.
- Audience enhances the emission of dominant responses. (correct)
- Audience presence consistently improves performance on all tasks.
- The audience has no effect on learning new skills.
What characterizes the deindividuated internal state according to Zimbardo?
What characterizes the deindividuated internal state according to Zimbardo?
- Enhanced concern for the evaluation of others
- Increased self-restraint and social norms
- Increased self-awareness and evaluation
- Diminished self-awareness and self-evaluation (correct)
How did Travis's findings differ from Pessin's during their studies involving the presence of others?
How did Travis's findings differ from Pessin's during their studies involving the presence of others?
- Travis's tasks involved well-learned activities, while Pessin's focused on new responses. (correct)
- Travis found improved performance, while Pessin found no significant change.
- Travis focused on verbal tasks, while Pessin focused on motor tasks.
- Both researchers indicated significant impairments in task performance.
Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to a deindividuated state?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to a deindividuated state?
In the context of social facilitation, what role does the dominant response play according to Zajonc?
In the context of social facilitation, what role does the dominant response play according to Zajonc?
What phenomenon is suggested by Zajonc regarding well-learned versus poorly learned tasks in the presence of an audience?
What phenomenon is suggested by Zajonc regarding well-learned versus poorly learned tasks in the presence of an audience?
What does the social facilitation theory suggest about the presence of others?
What does the social facilitation theory suggest about the presence of others?
What did Diener’s study primarily investigate?
What did Diener’s study primarily investigate?
What is hypothesized to increase due to the presence of others according to Zajonc’s observations?
What is hypothesized to increase due to the presence of others according to Zajonc’s observations?
Which of the following best describes the findings of Cottrell's review study regarding audience presence?
Which of the following best describes the findings of Cottrell's review study regarding audience presence?
What outcome is suggested by the term 'self-maintaining' in group dynamics?
What outcome is suggested by the term 'self-maintaining' in group dynamics?
Which of the following concepts relates to reduced responsibility in group settings?
Which of the following concepts relates to reduced responsibility in group settings?
What type of tasks were shown to have improved performance in Travis's study?
What type of tasks were shown to have improved performance in Travis's study?
How does the presence of an audience impact the likelihood of correct responses according to Zajonc's theories?
How does the presence of an audience impact the likelihood of correct responses according to Zajonc's theories?
What is a pivotal factor for a warm-up period to affect group dynamics?
What is a pivotal factor for a warm-up period to affect group dynamics?
What type of behavior did Diener define as aggression in his study?
What type of behavior did Diener define as aggression in his study?
What was the major independent variable identified in the study?
What was the major independent variable identified in the study?
What was identified as the dependent variable in the experiment?
What was identified as the dependent variable in the experiment?
Which of the following social phenomena is most related to the study's findings?
Which of the following social phenomena is most related to the study's findings?
What psychological conflict did subjects experience during the experiment?
What psychological conflict did subjects experience during the experiment?
What did the findings from Petty et al. suggest regarding group dynamics and cognitive effort?
What did the findings from Petty et al. suggest regarding group dynamics and cognitive effort?
What was a significant result regarding the size of the group in the response time analysis?
What was a significant result regarding the size of the group in the response time analysis?
Which type of inhibition besides diffusion of responsibility was noted in the findings?
Which type of inhibition besides diffusion of responsibility was noted in the findings?
What was the purpose of the subjects evaluating an editorial and a poem in the research by Petty et al.?
What was the purpose of the subjects evaluating an editorial and a poem in the research by Petty et al.?
What was the primary focus of the study conducted by Wallach et al. in 1968?
What was the primary focus of the study conducted by Wallach et al. in 1968?
In the personal responsibility condition, how did participants interact with the difficulty levels of the questions?
In the personal responsibility condition, how did participants interact with the difficulty levels of the questions?
What was the anticipated outcome for individuals in the group responsibility-individual decision condition?
What was the anticipated outcome for individuals in the group responsibility-individual decision condition?
What was the purpose of having random and group selection in the group responsibility group decision conditions?
What was the purpose of having random and group selection in the group responsibility group decision conditions?
How were the questions classified in Wallach et al.'s study?
How were the questions classified in Wallach et al.'s study?
What demographic was primarily involved in the study by Wallach et al.?
What demographic was primarily involved in the study by Wallach et al.?
What implication did the researchers have about the responsibility of group decision-making?
What implication did the researchers have about the responsibility of group decision-making?
What were the monetary rewards for answering questions in the study, dependent on?
What were the monetary rewards for answering questions in the study, dependent on?
What effect did the personal responsibility-group decision condition have on risk taking compared to the control group?
What effect did the personal responsibility-group decision condition have on risk taking compared to the control group?
According to the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis, what happens to individual accountability in group decision-making?
According to the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis, what happens to individual accountability in group decision-making?
What was the unexpected direction of the shift in question difficulty within the group responsibility-individual decision condition?
What was the unexpected direction of the shift in question difficulty within the group responsibility-individual decision condition?
Which of the following best describes Latane's first principle of social impact?
Which of the following best describes Latane's first principle of social impact?
How does the presence of a group affect an individual's perception of responsibility during decision-making?
How does the presence of a group affect an individual's perception of responsibility during decision-making?
What does the second principle of social impact theory indicate about the addition of another person in a social situation?
What does the second principle of social impact theory indicate about the addition of another person in a social situation?
What occurs when a responsible group member is designated in a risky group decision?
What occurs when a responsible group member is designated in a risky group decision?
What is the main observation of Wallach et al. regarding the influence of group decisions on risk levels?
What is the main observation of Wallach et al. regarding the influence of group decisions on risk levels?
Study Notes
Social Facilitation
- The mere presence of others can facilitate or hinder individual performance, depending on task difficulty and familiarity.
- Well-learned tasks are facilitated by an audience, while poorly-learned tasks are hindered.
- Zajonc's Drive Theory: The presence of others increases drive, making dominant responses more likely. Dominant responses are the most probable responses, but they may be correct for well-learned tasks and incorrect for poorly-learned tasks.
- Enhanced drive improves performance on well-learned tasks but worsens performance on poorly-learned tasks.
Group Dynamics
- Group interaction and discussion can lead to more openness and uninhibited behavior due to a warming-up period and increased social support.
Deindividuation
- Deindividuation: A psychological state of diminished self-awareness and self-evaluation, leading to less restrained behavior.
- Factors contributing to deindividuation include anonymity, the presence of others, decreased responsibility, and arousal.
- Studies show increased anonymity leads to uninhibited behavior.
- The effect of group size or audience presence on deindividuated behavior is less consistent.
- Arousal can contribute to deindividuation.
Diffusion of Responsibility
- The presence of others can lead to a diffusion of responsibility, meaning individuals feel less accountable for their actions.
- Bystander Effect: In an emergency situation, the presence of others can lead to delayed or absent intervention, as individuals feel less responsibility to take action when they are among others.
- Group decision-making can also contribute to diffusion of responsibility, leading to riskier decisions.
Social Impact Theory
- This theory offers a more general explanation of social influence, encapsulating previous theories, such as social facilitation and diffusion of responsibility.
- Social impact is defined as “any effect of the presence or actions of other people on an individual.”
- Social Impact is a function of the strength, immediacy, and number of social forces present.
- The impact of each additional person decreases as the number of people increases.
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Description
Explore the concepts of social facilitation, group dynamics, and deindividuation in psychology. Understand how the presence of others affects individual performance on various tasks and the psychological states that lead to less restrained behavior in groups. Dive into theories such as Zajonc's Drive Theory and discover the factors influencing group interactions.
