Psychology of Emotion

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Questions and Answers

Which level of arousal tends to lead to optimal performance for difficult tasks?

High arousal

Moderate arousal

Low arousal (correct)

Very low arousal

What is the primary issue with using a polygraph to detect lies?

It has a high level of accuracy.

It only measures blood pressure.

It can be easily manipulated.

Physiological responses can be influenced by emotions other than deception. (correct)

What do display rules dictate?

The physiological responses during emotional moments

The frequency of emotional expression

How, when, and where emotions should be expressed (correct)

The content of emotional experiences

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need must be fulfilled last?

Self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ventromedial hypothalamus?

Turns hunger off Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes unconscious motivation?

Drives that influence behavior without conscious awareness Signup and view all the answers

How can extrinsic motivation negatively affect intrinsic motivation?

By diminishing the sense of autonomy in the activity Signup and view all the answers

What role do hormones like ghrelin and leptin play in hunger regulation?

They signal respectively to activate and deactivate hunger Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Binge Eating Disorder (BED)?

Episodes of uncontrolled eating Signup and view all the answers

According to the hedonic principle, what primarily motivates human behavior?

The pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain Signup and view all the answers

What are the two dimensions that define emotional experiences?

Valence and arousal Signup and view all the answers

How does the Cannon-Bard theory differ from the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Emotions and physiological responses occur independently and simultaneously. Signup and view all the answers

According to the two-factor theory of emotion, what role does arousal play?

It creates a general state that can be interpreted into different emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of physiological responses are expected in the James-Lange theory?

Every human emotion has a unique set of responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is an implication of the two-factor theory's claim about arousal?

Interpretation of arousal can lead to different emotions based on context. Signup and view all the answers

What part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for arousal?

Sympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary critique of the two-factor theory by modern research?

It lacks sufficient evidence to support a unique physiological response for specific emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of action tendencies refer to in the context of emotions?

The predisposition to engage in specific emotion-related behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

How does the best level of arousal for performance change with task difficulty?

Moderate arousal is best for complex tasks while higher arousal is better for simpler tasks. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a limitation of the James-Lange theory?

It does not account for emotional experiences that arise before physiological responses. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Emotion

Two Dimensions of Emotion: Valence (positivity) and Arousal (energy).
Appraisal: Evaluations of stimuli/events that influence emotions.
Action Tendencies: Readiness for specific behaviors related to emotions.

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange Theory: Emotions are a result of perceiving physiological responses to a stimulus.
Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotions and bodily arousal occur simultaneously and independently.
Two-Factor Theory (Schachter/Singer): Physiological arousal is interpreted differently based on context to determine specific emotion.

Arousal and Performance

Sympathetic Nervous System: Involved in arousal, triggering the fight-or-flight response.
Yerkes-Dodson Law: Optimal performance occurs at a moderate level of arousal.
- Simple tasks: Higher arousal can be beneficial.
- Difficult tasks: Lower arousal is better.

Polygraph

A device measuring physiological responses believed to be related to lying.
Measures: Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, skin conductivity.
Problem: Physiological responses can be due to anxiety/nervousness, not just deception.

Emotional Expression

Emotional Expression: Observable signs of emotion (facial expressions, tone of voice, body language).
Facial Expressions: Most powerful nonverbal way to communicate emotion; capable of thousands of unique expressions.
Display Rules: Social/cultural norms dictating when/how emotions are expressed.

Motivation

Motivation: Internal drives for purposeful behavior.
Instinct: Innate tendency to seek a goal.
Approach Motivation: Drive toward positive outcomes/rewards.
Avoidance Motivation: Drive to avoid negative outcomes (often stronger).
Drive-Reduction Theory: Motivation to reduce internal drives (hunger, thirst) to maintain balance.
Hedonic Principle: Seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Prioritizes basic needs before higher-level needs.
Physiological: Food, water, sleep.
Safety: Security, stability.
Social: Belongingness, love.
Esteem: Respect, self-esteem.
Self-Actualization: Achieving full potential (intellectual fulfillment).

Hunger

Body's energy needs drive hunger.
Hypothalamus: Regulates appetite.
- Lateral hypothalamus: Activates hunger.
- Ventromedial hypothalamus: Suppresses hunger.
Hormones (ghrelin, leptin): Regulate hunger.
Psychological and cultural factors also influence hunger.

Eating Disorders

Binge Eating Disorder: Uncontrolled eating episodes.
Bulimia Nervosa: Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors.
Anorexia Nervosa: Severe food restriction.
Obesity: Defined by BMI of 30 or greater; linked with health risks.

Sexual Motivation

Hormones (testosterone, estrogen) play roles.

Achievement Motivation

Drive to excel, achieve goals, overcome challenges.

Motivation Types

Intrinsic Motivation: Internal rewards drive actions (personal satisfaction).
Extrinsic Motivation: External rewards drive actions (money, recognition).
Extrinsic motivation can sometimes hinder intrinsic motivation.

Terror Management Theory

Motivation to reduce fear of death by upholding cultural beliefs/pursuing self-esteem.

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Description

Explore the intricate dimensions of emotion, including valence and arousal, through key theories such as the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories. Understand the relationship between arousal and performance, alongside concepts like the Yerkes-Dodson law and the use of polygraphs. This quiz encapsulates essential psychological principles related to emotional responses.