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Questions and Answers
What percentage of individuals in the West are alcohol dependent?
What percentage of individuals in the West are alcohol dependent?
Which eating disorder is noted as the most lethal among psychiatric conditions?
Which eating disorder is noted as the most lethal among psychiatric conditions?
What factor is contributing to the rising prevalence of eating disorders?
What factor is contributing to the rising prevalence of eating disorders?
Which of the following best describes withdrawal symptoms observed in mice related to sugar consumption?
Which of the following best describes withdrawal symptoms observed in mice related to sugar consumption?
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What societal factor may discourage the consumption of certain foods like insects?
What societal factor may discourage the consumption of certain foods like insects?
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In terms of hunger regulation, what influences how we perceive food and drink?
In terms of hunger regulation, what influences how we perceive food and drink?
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What major economic factor impacts eating and drinking behaviors?
What major economic factor impacts eating and drinking behaviors?
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What is a significant contributor to obesity as mentioned in the discussion of eating disorders?
What is a significant contributor to obesity as mentioned in the discussion of eating disorders?
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What is one strategy that omnivores use to avoid harmful foods?
What is one strategy that omnivores use to avoid harmful foods?
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What type of flavor do omnivores typically prefer due to its energy signal?
What type of flavor do omnivores typically prefer due to its energy signal?
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What is a common behaviour exhibited by omnivores when introduced to new foods?
What is a common behaviour exhibited by omnivores when introduced to new foods?
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Which process is crucial for omnivores when selecting food from a wide variety of options?
Which process is crucial for omnivores when selecting food from a wide variety of options?
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What emotional response have humans evolved regarding potentially unsafe foods?
What emotional response have humans evolved regarding potentially unsafe foods?
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What do omnivores aim to maximize when foraging for food?
What do omnivores aim to maximize when foraging for food?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of omnivores' eating behavior?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of omnivores' eating behavior?
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Which factor is NOT likely to influence an omnivore's food choices?
Which factor is NOT likely to influence an omnivore's food choices?
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What is the primary goal for all animals concerning food?
What is the primary goal for all animals concerning food?
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What significant issue related to food is highlighted in the lecture?
What significant issue related to food is highlighted in the lecture?
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What aspect of feeding strategies will be examined in the lecture?
What aspect of feeding strategies will be examined in the lecture?
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How many children are reported to die from lack of food during the hour of the lecture?
How many children are reported to die from lack of food during the hour of the lecture?
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What does the discussion of feeding strategies ultimately aim to explore?
What does the discussion of feeding strategies ultimately aim to explore?
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What percentage of energy from food consumption is primarily used to maintain the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
What percentage of energy from food consumption is primarily used to maintain the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
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What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR) energy requirement for a woman per kilogram of body weight per hour?
What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR) energy requirement for a woman per kilogram of body weight per hour?
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How many Kcal would a 70 kg man need in 24 hours to maintain his BMR?
How many Kcal would a 70 kg man need in 24 hours to maintain his BMR?
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Which activity expends the most energy for a 70 kg person over one hour?
Which activity expends the most energy for a 70 kg person over one hour?
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How is the caloric intake that you need typically estimated using BMR?
How is the caloric intake that you need typically estimated using BMR?
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How many Kcal would Mr Average, an 85 kg man, need per day assuming light activity levels?
How many Kcal would Mr Average, an 85 kg man, need per day assuming light activity levels?
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What is the caloric intake of Nazi concentration camp inmates during their imprisonment?
What is the caloric intake of Nazi concentration camp inmates during their imprisonment?
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Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?
Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?
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Which type of carbohydrate is high fructose corn syrup classified as?
Which type of carbohydrate is high fructose corn syrup classified as?
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What is the energy expenditure of a person shopping for one hour assuming they weigh 70 kg?
What is the energy expenditure of a person shopping for one hour assuming they weigh 70 kg?
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What is the primary purpose of food in the human body?
What is the primary purpose of food in the human body?
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Which of the following food constituents is not a key energy provider?
Which of the following food constituents is not a key energy provider?
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In the course structure, which topic is explored last?
In the course structure, which topic is explored last?
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What percentage of the assessment is based on the personal research project?
What percentage of the assessment is based on the personal research project?
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Which type of energy is NOT generated from the chemical energy of food?
Which type of energy is NOT generated from the chemical energy of food?
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What is the format of lectures and videos in the course?
What is the format of lectures and videos in the course?
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What will NOT be part of the end-of-semester exam?
What will NOT be part of the end-of-semester exam?
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Which of the following is a topic NOT included in the course's scope?
Which of the following is a topic NOT included in the course's scope?
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Which component of food is primarily responsible for maintaining optimal body temperature?
Which component of food is primarily responsible for maintaining optimal body temperature?
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What format will the tutorials be conducted in?
What format will the tutorials be conducted in?
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What is a key reason for the increasing rates of obesity in modern society?
What is a key reason for the increasing rates of obesity in modern society?
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What must students prepare for before their first tutorial?
What must students prepare for before their first tutorial?
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Which element is NOT mentioned as part of energy metabolism?
Which element is NOT mentioned as part of energy metabolism?
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What role does water play in eating and drinking strategies?
What role does water play in eating and drinking strategies?
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Which part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for the mechanical grinding of food?
Which part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for the mechanical grinding of food?
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Where does the majority of chemical absorption occur in the human digestive system?
Where does the majority of chemical absorption occur in the human digestive system?
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What is the primary function of bile in the digestive process?
What is the primary function of bile in the digestive process?
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What process occurs in the large intestine that contributes to vitamin absorption?
What process occurs in the large intestine that contributes to vitamin absorption?
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How much water does the average person lose daily through urine?
How much water does the average person lose daily through urine?
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Which statement is correct regarding the stomach's role in digestion?
Which statement is correct regarding the stomach's role in digestion?
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What part of the digestive system acts as a temporary storage for waste?
What part of the digestive system acts as a temporary storage for waste?
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Which accessory organ releases bile into the small intestine?
Which accessory organ releases bile into the small intestine?
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Which of the following is a primary need for maintaining water balance in the body?
Which of the following is a primary need for maintaining water balance in the body?
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What is the primary role of the pancreatic juice in digestion?
What is the primary role of the pancreatic juice in digestion?
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Which component of the human body is considered the main contributor to water loss?
Which component of the human body is considered the main contributor to water loss?
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What physiological need is second only to oxygen for the human body?
What physiological need is second only to oxygen for the human body?
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Which of the following statements about the small intestine is true?
Which of the following statements about the small intestine is true?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- The course is about the psychology of eating and drinking.
- Instructor is Dick Stevenson ([email protected]).
- Tutorials start next week.
- Students should attend the same tutorial each week, if possible.
- Obtain the course handbook from iLearn.
- The handbook includes the course timetable and essential info.
Why Study Feeding and Drinking?
- Essential for survival.
- Key elements of behavior are shaped by evolution.
- Ingestion has shaped color vision, food preferences, weight gain tendencies, and bipedal movement, gut and tooth design, and facial structures.
- Understanding this behavior is vital for several reasons, including malnutrition, undernutrition in developing countries, and obesity in developed countries.
Why Study Feeding and Drinking? (Continued)
- 1.2 billion people globally are undernourished.
- 1.2 billion people in developed countries are overweight or obese.
- These health disparities are due to a variety of biological, psychological, social, and economic factors.
- 15% of adults in the West are dependent on alcohol.
Why Study Feeding and Drinking? (Continued 2)
- Alcohol-related deaths exceed 100,000 annually in the U.S.
- Factors causing addiction to processed foods need investigation.
- The effects of withdrawal from sugar in mice.
- Eating disorders, especially anorexia, are the most lethal psychiatric conditions and affect ~1-2% of college-age women in the West.
Answers?
- Critical questions to consider regarding eating and drinking.
- Why do we choose to eat some things versus others?
- How do we perceive food and drink?
- What societal factors influence ingestion?
- What economic factors govern eating and drinking patterns?
Course Structure
- The course will examine the fundamentals of ingestion.
- Topics include energy metabolism, food types, the digestive system, water balance, and eating/drinking strategies across species.
Then...
- Future topics cover the perception of food and drink, thirst, food-related drugs, food preferences, food taboos, the psychobiology of food intake, the food system (farm to table), and issues related to obesity, starvation, eating disorders, body image, and dieting.
Things You Need To Know
- Lectures are online via Echo360.
- Videos/films are supplemental and not part of the exam.
- A review/question session is scheduled for the last week's tutorials.
- All tutorial sessions take place online via zoom.
- The course handbook contains vital info.
Things You Need To Know (Assessment)
- The course has a 50% multiple-choice end-of-semester exam.
- The exam covers lecture material and Logue's course textbook.
- The remaining 50% is a research project, whose details are explained in the handbook.
Energy Metabolism
- Food's fundamental purpose is to provide energy.
- The body converts this chemical energy into mechanical and electrical energy (used by muscles and nerves, respectively), heat, and other forms.
- Key constituents for energy are carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
Main Metabolic Pathways
- Principal methods for generating energy (in red) are glycolysis, aerobic Krebs' cycle, and anaerobic lactic acid cycle.
- Principal methods for energy storage (in green) are shown.
Measuring the Energy in Food
- The measurement used is the kcal (kilocalorie).
- One kcal is the energy needed to raise 1 liter of water by 1 degree.
What Are the Body's Energy Needs?
- Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy expended at rest.
- BMR comprises about 70–80% of your daily total energy expenditure.
- BMR includes bodily functions such as: cellular physiology (ions pumps), breathing, blood circulation, and protein synthesis.
- Daily caloric needs vary by gender, weight, activity levels, pregnancy, muscle mass and other factors
Calculating Energy Needs
- BMR is a base calculation on which additional requirements for daily activities are built up.
- There are many ranges of activity from sedentary to high activity.
- Daily dietary requirements vary widely depending on a person’s physical activity, gender, age and other variables.
Consequences
- Dieting is a widespread method of weight-loss that may be hazardous to health.
- In some historical cases, deliberate starvation led to extreme health risks amongst a populace.
Carbohydrates-Types and Function
- Simple forms include monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose) and disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
- Complex forms include polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose).
- Function primarily provides energy.
Fats-Types and Function
- Fats are also known as triglycerides.
- Different fatty acid tails on the glycerol molecule result in saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated (omega 6/3) fats and trans-fat.
- Function include structural (nerves), hormone synthesis, and storage of energy.
Protein-Types and Function
- Proteins are made up of amino acids.
- Some amino acids are essential (not produced by the body) and must be obtained by consumption.
- Functions are tissue maintenance, enzyme/hormone synthesis, and fluid balance.
Micronutrients-Vitamins
- These are essential nutrients but needed in small amounts.
- There are fat-soluble (e.g., A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (e.g., C, B vitamins).
- Essential for many metabolic pathways.
Micronutrients-minerals
- Minerals are essential, but needed in small amounts for normal body function.
- Examples include calcium, sodium, potassium, iron, iodine, magnesium, and other micronutrients.
Human Digestive System
- Digesting food is the function of the digestive system.
- Major organs include the stomach, intestines, and accessory organs (liver, pancreas, gallbladder).
- Food undergoes mechanical and chemical breakdown by enzymes.
Human Digestive System-Anatomy
- The digestive system consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs such as the pancreas, gallbladder and liver.
Small Intestine (SI)
- Most chemical absorption happens in the small intestine.
- The small intestine has a large surface area for absorption.
Large Intestine
- The large intestine absorbs water, forms feces, and houses gut bacteria that form vitamins.
Water Balance
- Water is essential for all bodily functions.
- The body loses water through breathing, sweating, and urination.
- Water balance is an integral part of energy release and regulation of temperature.
Conclusion
- The lecture covered topics related to ingestion.
- Future lectures will focus on issues related to digestion.
Feeding Strategies in Animals
- Appetites are the psychology of eating and drinking in animals
- Introduction to diverse strategies used by animals in acquiring food.
Adaptive Radiation
- The process where living things change and diversify, with an example of a clam being a great subject.
- Feeding strategies are influenced by the necessity to find food, in different environments
The Need for Food
- Animals need food, for energy, and reproduction.
- Food scarcity is a serious problem even in more developed countries today.
- Many people still face starvation worldwide (a serious problem even in our time).
What Constraints Feeding Strategies?
- The animal's size, genetic predisposition, and environment all play a role in a species' feeding strategy.
- Animals have developed specific strategies to acquire food, in a variety of habitats.
Classifying Feeding Strategies in Animals
- Common feeding strategies are herbivory, carnivory, parasitism, and omnivory, each with specific characteristics and adaptations.
Feeding in Herbivores
- Characteristics of herbivores include constant eating, long digestive tracts, appropriate teeth, a symbiotic relationship with bacteria, and methods for avoidance of predation.
- Grazing is one method of consuming vegetation
- Other herbivores feed on fruit, seeds and leaves.
Herbivore Guts for Grazing
- Herbivores have specialized guts for processing plant material.
- Symbiotic digestion is common.
Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
- Many animals specialize in eating flowers, fruits, and seeds.
- Behavioral adaptations for consuming these food types include complex cognitive mechanisms, such as seasonal location remembering , to enhance nutrient acquisition.
Hummingbirds
- Hummingbirds are an example of food specialists.
- They have specific anatomical and physiological adaptations for consuming nectar.
Other Herbivores
- Some examples of different types of herbivorous feeding strategies discussed
- Includes plant chewers and suckers, plant burrowers, deposit and suspension feeders, and faeces/rotten vegetation feeders.
Dung Beetles
- Dung beetles are an example of specialized feeders
- They feed on the components of dung from herbivores
Herbivores - Conclusion
- Herbivores have considerable focus on intake control and food choice.
- Few plant species are eaten, although not tiring of this repetitive food intake.
Feeding in Carnivores
- Carnivores primarily eat animals, with considerable focus on hunting and eating-to-capacity when prey is abundant.
Carnivore Guts
- Animals with high meat intake have different digestive strategies, with shorter guts than herbivores.
Types of Predators
- Omnivores hunt a wide range of prey, in various ways.
- Predators like sea-lions and leopard-seals have hunting patterns to catch penguins and other prey.
Filter Feeders
- Filter feeders are an unusual adaptation
- Whales are an example
Stalking-Leopard Seals
- Leopard seals are well adapted to ambush and hunting penguins or similar prey.
Stealth Feeding-Vampire Bats
- Vampire bats are adapted to finding and consuming prey in stealth.
Carrion-The Vulture
- Vultures scavenge on dead animals (carcass)
Carnivores - Conclusions
- Carnivores eat few meals, in contrast to herbivores.
- Carnivores have hunger and satiety, but generally their eating habits are different to humans
Feeding in Parasites
- Parasites need their host for optimal survival, and development and transmission.
- Tapeworms are parasites notable for their sophisticated lifecycle.
- Examples like humans and tapeworms illustrate parasitism
Omnivores
- An omnivorous diet is based on both animal and vegetable foods.
- Omnivores such as cockroaches, rats and humans are flexible and have widely different eating practices.
Advantages
- Omnivores have flexible diets, which allow them to adapt quickly to environmental changes, scarce resources and changing abundance.
Disadvantages
- Omnivores face difficulties in determining if consumed food is safe.
- Food supplies including insects, plants, and sea food may expose omnivores to toxins and toxic food.
Consequences
- A lack of behavioral flexibility to ascertain or discern safe food options may cause poor health.
- This is true of all strategies for acquiring food in widely diverse environments.
Conclusions
- The lecture presented many strategies animals have for obtaining and processing food.
- Considerations include sensory input and behaviors.
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Description
This course explores the psychology behind feeding and drinking behaviors, focusing on evolution, health disparities, and essential nutritional needs. Students will understand the impact of these behaviors on various health issues, including malnutrition and obesity. Engaging with this subject is crucial for addressing global health challenges.
