Psychology of Eating and Drinking
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What is one advantage of animals that can eat a variety of foods?

  • They can consume more food than their needs.
  • They always avoid harmful substances.
  • They can easily identify toxic foods.
  • They can survive when certain food sources are scarce. (correct)

    • What does the 'omnivores paradox' refer to?

  • The difficulty of deciding what is safe to eat despite having many options. (correct)
  • The ease of finding food in diverse habitats.
  • The preference for specific food types over a varied diet.
  • The ability to eat only plant-based foods for survival.

    • Why might a limited diet be beneficial for some animals?

  • They will have enhanced reproductive rates.
  • They can eat foods that require less energy to find.
  • They can adapt quickly to urban environments.
  • They avoid the risk of poisoning from toxic substances. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT an advantage of dietary variety for animals?

    <p>Easier decision-making on food safety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of eating toxic plants and animals?

    <p>It can lead to serious health issues or death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure used to quantify energy in food?

    <p>Calorie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which energy pathway is considered anaerobic?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many kilocalories are yielded per gram by proteins and carbohydrates?

    <p>4 Kcal/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main determinant of fitness related to oxygen delivery to muscles?

    <p>Max oxygen consumption (VO2 max)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy density of fats compared to carbohydrates and proteins?

    <p>Higher at 9 Kcal/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals in the West are reported to be alcohol dependent?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the most lethal psychiatric condition?

    <p>Anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to alcohol dependence?

    <p>Gender factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What animal preference is used to illustrate sugar dependency?

    <p>Mice preferring sugar to cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of eating disorder is noted to be involved in obesity?

    <p>Binge eating disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What societal factor is questioned regarding reasons for food choices?

    <p>Reasons for not eating certain insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one biological aspect mentioned in relation to eating behaviors?

    <p>The physiological processes of hunger and satiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects a common misconception about eating behaviors?

    <p>Individuals are often entirely in control of their eating choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason discussed for studying feeding and drinking behavior?

    <p>Understanding these behaviors aids in addressing malnutrition and obesity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological factor is mentioned that has influenced human feeding behavior?

    <p>Bipedalism for predator detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common misunderstanding about obesity as discussed in the content?

    <p>Obesity is linked to complex biological and social factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the course handbook provide information about?

    <p>The course timetable and project details.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of malnourishment mentioned?

    <p>Lower IQ and entrenched poverty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary factor is linked to the preference for sugar and fat?

    <p>Hard-wired biological predispositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people are reported to be underweight or hungry in the developing world?

    <p>Around 1.2 billion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is suggested to be shaped by evolutionary forces related to eating?

    <p>Teeth and gut design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavioral characteristic is typical of herbivores?

    <p>Considerable time spent eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feeding strategy involves eating both plants and animals?

    <p>Omnivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation do most grass-grazing mammals have?

    <p>Teeth capable of cutting and grinding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of predator actively seeks and captures its prey?

    <p>Stalking predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do herbivores primarily rely on to maximize digestion?

    <p>Longer guts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dung beetles contribute to the ecosystem?

    <p>By recycling nutrients in soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of filter feeders like baleen whales?

    <p>They filter food from seawater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feeding strategy do parasites typically use?

    <p>Obtaining energy from a host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is highlighted for having special adaptations for consuming nectar?

    <p>Hummingbird</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of herbivore food choices may seem irrelevant for their eating habits?

    <p>Meal timing and satiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is unique to carnivores compared to herbivores?

    <p>Shorter guts due to high protein diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vulturous species like the kettle vulture adapt for scavenging?

    <p>Through keen eyesight and sense of smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the adaptations of the blue whale for feeding?

    <p>Baleen plates for filtering krill from water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily the purpose of food for the body?

    <p>To provide chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following food constituents are key in providing energy?

    <p>Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form does the body convert food energy primarily into?

    <p>Mechanical energy, electrical energy, and heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following topics is NOT mentioned as part of the course outline?

    <p>History of cuisine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What format will the end of semester exam follow?

    <p>Multiple choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total assessment is based on the personal research project report?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where will the end of semester exam be conducted?

    <p>Macquarie University North Ryde campus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is NOT mentioned relating to eating and drinking?

    <p>Financial budgeting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the course's initial sessions?

    <p>Basics of ingestion and energy metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often are compulsory readings assigned?

    <p>Weekly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these refers to the body’s maintenance of a constant internal temperature?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who will lead the online tutorials?

    <p>The course instructor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the psychological aspects related to food that will be studied?

    <p>Food preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • The course is about the psychology of eating and drinking.
    • Instructor contact information is provided.
    • Course materials, including the course handbook, are available on iLearn.
    • Tutorials will start the following week.
    • Students should stay in the same tutorial group, if possible.

    Why study feeding and drinking?

    • Eating and drinking are essential for survival.
    • Evolutionary forces have shaped our physiology and anatomy related to ingestion.
    • Examples include color vision, liking for junk food, and tendencies to gain weight.
    • Understanding the physiology of these behaviors is crucial for various reasons including development, nutrition, and health.
    • Malnutrition and obesity, both global concerns, are discussed.

    Why study feeding and drinking? (Alcohol & Drugs)

    • Alcohol dependence and related deaths are a significant global issue.
    • Biological, psychological, societal, and economic factors contribute to alcohol dependence.
    • Processed foods may also contribute to dependencies.
    • Examples of research cited: the preference of mice to prefer sugar over cocaine.

    Why study feeding and drinking? (Eating disorders)

    • Eating disorders, especially anorexia, are extremely severe and potentially fatal.
    • Factors influencing eating disorders include biological, psychological, social, and economic aspects.
    • Eating disorders are increasingly common in the Western world.

    Answers?

    • This section provides questions about the topics related to eating, drinking behaviour and the associated biological & social issues involved.
    • Examples include questions about our perception of food, satiety, societal, and economic factors in these issues.

    Course structure

    • The course will start by examining the basics of ingestion.
    • Key topics include energy metabolism, food types, the digestive system, water balance, and feeding strategies.

    Then...

    • The coming weeks will focus on:
    • The perception of food and drink
    • The nature of thirst.
    • Food-related drugs and preferences
    • Food taboos.
    • Psychobiology of food intake.
    • The food system from production to consumption.
    • Obesity, starvation, eating disorders, body image, etc.

    Things you need to know

    • Lectures and videos (Echo360).
    • Readings (lecture notes, Logue chapter[s] & tutorial papers.)
    • Additional supplementary readings (in the course handbook).
    • Assessment information is included in the course handbook.
    • End-of-semester exam: multiple choice (50%).
    • Personal research project (report): 50%.

    Energy metabolism

    • Food provides chemical energy, which the body converts to mechanical energy (muscles), electrical energy (nerves), and heat.
    • Key food constituents for energy include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

    Main metabolic pathways

    • Chemical reactions in the body to generate or produce energy.
    • Pathways for digesting protein, sugars and starches and fat.
    • How the body stores energy and how it converts it into various forms of energy.

    Measuring the 'energy' in food

    • Kilocalories (kcal) are the standard unit.
    • Convert to kilojoules (kJ) by multiplying kcal value by 4.184.
    • Bomb calorimeter measures energy content per gram of food (fats, carbohydrates, and proteins).

    What are the bodies energy needs?

    • Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum amount of energy expenditure needed to maintain basic body functions (around 70% of daily energy use).
    • Daily energy requirements vary based on factors like gender, weight, daily activity, and physiological or health factors.
    • Examples are provided, showing calorie expenditure based on activity (Shopping, Walking, Running).

    Calculating energy needs

    • Most energy calculators/tables take BMR and activity level into account to determine daily needs.
    • Activity levels are categorised (very light, light, moderate, and heavy).

    Consequences

    • Average Australian daily caloric intake is significantly higher than the recommended levels for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
    • Low caloric intake, during specific circumstances such as for examples in concentration camps, have led to starvation and death.

    Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

    • Types and functions of carbohydrates (simple and complex).
    • Types and functions of fats (saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated).
    • Types and functions of proteins.
    • This includes micronutrients and minerals.

    Micronutrients - Vitamins

    • Deficiencies relatively rare in Western nations but it is still significant in many countries around the world.
    • Types (Fat-soluble and water-soluble).
    • Roles and importance of particular vitamins.

    Micronutrients - Minerals

    • Common elements of the mineral group.
    • Roles and importance of particular elements.
    • Common deficiencies of these elements.

    Human digestive system

    • Function to extract nutrients from food.
    • Structure (main and accessory organs)
    • Processes of (mechanical, chemical and enzyme) digestion.

    Water balance

    • Water is essential for life.
    • Processes of water loss through the human body.
    • Processes of maintaining water levels.

    Conclusion

    • Overview of the course topics covered.
    • Implications of these issues for human health, across the different populations and countries around the world.

    Feeding strategies in animals

    • Adaptations to different food sources.
    • Strategies of various species.

    Introduction

    • Animal kingdom example of feeding behaviours
    • Methods of exploitation of food sources across a variety of species.

    Adaptive radiation

    • The diversity of feeding strategies based in environments and adaptation
    • How food needs are met across varieties of species.

    The need for food

    • Importance of food for energy for survival and reproduction
    • Issues of food poverty and hunger.

    What constrains feeding strategies?

    • Factors affecting the nature and processes of food acquisition and consumption, by species.
    • Factors such as animal size, genes, environment, behaviour and time constraints.

    Classifying feeding strategies in animals

    • Classification of animals based on their feeding behaviours, including herbivores, carnivores, parasites, omnivores and filter feeders.

    Feeding in herbivores

    • General characteristics of herbivores, including diet, gut adaptations, and specific feeding approaches.

    Grazing

    • Grazing as a feeding strategy, focusing on characteristics (e.g., source of food, palatability), and adaptations of grazing animals.
    • The characteristics of grass.
    • Special adaptations of grazing animals.

    Herbivore guts for grazing

    • The digestive systems and adaptations of herbivores for processing plant material such as grazing strategy, including cellulose digestion.
    • Examples: sheep and rabbits

    Flowers, fruits, seeds

    • Specialists on these food types, like pollen feeding insects, birds, bats, and monkeys Specific adaptations.

    Hummingbirds

    • Description of hummingbird feeding behaviour, including examples of high rates of metabolism and feeding cycles.

    Other herbivores

    • A variety of species of plant-eating species and behaviours.
    • This includes the importance of dung beetles in maintaining ecosystems.

    Carnivores - conclusions

    • General characteristics of carnivores (diet, meal frequency).
    • Important concepts like hunger and satiety, contrasted with herbivores.
    • Features/adaptions in various animals.

    Carnivore guts

    • Digestive systems and adaptations of carnivores for processing animal material.
    • Examples of different carnivorous species and their adaptations are illustrated.

    Types of predator

    • Various types of predator feeding strategies: (browsing, hunters, stalkers, carrion).

    Filter feeders

    • Filter feeding as a feeding strategy.
    • Description of filter feeding in baleen whales as an example of filter feeders.

    Stalking, Leopard seals

    • Specific adaptations and behaviour of predatory animals, like leopard seals.

    Stealth - Vampire bat

    • Description and adaptations of predatory animals, like vampire bats.

    Carrion - the vulture

    • Carrion feeders (e.g., vultures).
    • Adaptations for finding and consuming dead animals.

    Feeding in parasites

    • Definitions
    • Examples of parasitism
    • Adaptations and the transmission cycle of parasite.
    • Examples: tapeworms.

    Omnivores - conclusion

    • Omnivores as a feeding strategy.
    • Adaptive advantages/disadvantages
    • Comparisons to other feeding strategies

    Advantages

    • Dietary variety and flexibility of omnivores.
    • Ability to adapt to changing food resources.

    Disadvantages

    • The risk of consuming toxic or unhealthy food items.
    • Potential complications in digesting and obtaining energy from diverse food sources.
    • Potential problems like poisoning.

    Consequences

    • The issues of selecting the right food, brain development, dietary habits and behaviours relating to food avoidance, and cultural influences.

    Conclusions

    • Summary of the diversity of feeding strategies, including specific adaptations for each group, to obtain energy.
    • Questions related to sensory perception, behaviour, and how animals adapt their eating to varying circumstances.

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    Related Documents

    Lecture 1 and 2 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the psychological aspects of feeding and drinking, including the evolutionary influences on our eating behaviors and the implications of malnutrition and obesity. It also delves into the complexities of alcohol dependence and its multifaceted effects. Prepare to understand the key concepts that bridge psychology, nutrition, and health.

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