Psychology of Child Development
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Questions and Answers

According to Erikson's theory, what is the psychosocial crisis faced by a child between 1 to 3 years of age?

  • Trust vs. Mistrust
  • Industry vs. Inferiority
  • Initiative vs. Guilt
  • Autonomy vs. Shame (correct)

    • What is the outcome of successfully navigating the 'Trust vs. Mistrust' psychosocial crisis?

  • Shame and Doubt
  • Sense of Hope (correct)
  • Sense of Inferiority
  • Fear of Intimacy

    • In Erikson's theory, what is the psychosocial crisis that an adolescent faces?

  • Identity vs. Role Confusion (correct)
  • Industry vs. Inferiority
  • Initiative vs. Guilt
  • Autonomy vs. Shame

    • What is the positive outcome of the 'Autonomy vs. Shame' psychosocial crisis?

    <p>Sense of Willpower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson's theory, what is the psychosocial crisis faced by a child between 3 to 5 or 6 years of age?

    <p>Initiative vs. Guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the negative outcome of the 'Initiative vs. Guilt' psychosocial crisis?

    <p>Sense of Guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first psychosocial crisis according to Erikson's theory?

    <p>Trust vs Mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a successfully resolved psychosocial crisis?

    <p>Successful resolutions of future crises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Erikson's personality theory?

    <p>Psychosocial aspects of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the positive outcome of the Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt crisis?

    <p>Autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Erikson's theory more appealing to helping professionals than Freud's theory?

    <p>It focuses on psychosocial aspects of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is an unsuccessful resolution of a psychosocial crisis?

    <p>Maladaptive behavior becomes more likely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if caregivers are not consistently responsive to infants?

    <p>Infants develop mistrust and carry it into the next stage of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the psychosocial crisis that toddlers face between 1-3 years old?

    <p>Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of successfully navigating the crisis of autonomy vs shame and doubt?

    <p>A sense of autonomy and self-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompts the transition from the infant stage to the toddler stage?

    <p>Maturing muscular control and emerging cognitive and language skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of caregivers in the toddler stage?

    <p>To strike a balance between allowing independence and exercising control to ensure safety and self-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of not achieving a sense of autonomy in the toddler stage?

    <p>Feelings of mistrust and shame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of the theory that describes the eight stages of psychosocial development?

    <p>Erikson's stages of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the stage that follows the autonomy vs shame and doubt stage?

    <p>Initiative vs Guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmental scientists study human behavioral change from birth to old age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dramatic increases in life expectancy in the 19th and 20th centuries had no impact on interest in adult development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Classic developmental theories emerged in the late 20th century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmental science focuses on understanding how people respond to life's experiences regardless of their age.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmentalists use biased information to formulate theories about human development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contemporary developmental theories integrate ideas from only one discipline.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Helping professionals do not find contemporary developmental theories useful.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmental science is only relevant to helping professionals in their personal lives.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Theoretical ideas in developmental science do not evolve over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behavioral change in developmental science refers only to physical changes, such as crawling to walking.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural changes in how people live have no impact on understanding human development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmental science seeks to understand only universal patterns of development, ignoring individual differences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Development involves major organizational shifts across domains.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'counting from one' strategy is used for reading and spelling.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive development is like social development in social learning theories.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmental change is always qualitative.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are universal developmental trajectories that are the same in all cultures and historical periods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nature (heredity) is more important in causing developmental change.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People are actively influencing the course and nature of their own development.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmental change is only possible during certain critical periods in the life cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development

    • The stages focus on the psychosocial aspects of personality, emphasizing feelings and attitudes about self and others.
    • The successful resolution of a crisis at one stage helps smooth the way for successful resolutions of future crises.

    Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1 year)

    • Child develops a sense that the world is a safe and reliable place due to sensitive caregiving.
    • Failure to establish basic trust leads to mistrust and self-doubt.

    Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1 to 3 years)

    • Child develops a sense of independence tied to new mental and motor skills.
    • Caregivers must strike a balance between independence and control to promote feelings of autonomy.

    Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 or 6 years)

    • Child experiments with grown-up roles and develops a sense of purpose.
    • Failure to resolve this stage leads to guilt over thought and action.

    Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 years)

    • Child needs to learn important academic skills and compare favorably with peers in school.
    • Failure to develop competence leads to feelings of inferiority.

    Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 20 years)

    • Adolescent must make choices about values, vocational goals, and develop a sense of identity.
    • Failure to establish a sense of self leads to role confusion.

    Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)

    • Adult becomes willing to share identity with others and commit to affiliations and partnerships.
    • Failure to establish intimacy leads to fear of intimacy and distancing.

    Key Features of Erikson's Stages

    • Every psychosocial crisis or task involves finding the right balance between positive and negative feelings.
    • Unsuccessful resolution at an earlier stage may stall progress and make maladaptive behavior more likely.

    Interest in Adult Development

    • Increases in life expectancy in the 19th and 20th centuries sparked interest in adult development
    • Cultural changes, such as grandparents living apart from nuclear families, led to a greater focus on understanding each age group's special needs and experiences

    Developmental Theories

    • Classic theories emerged in the early and mid-20th century
    • Contemporary theories integrate ideas from multiple disciplines, including genetics, neuroscience, and psychology
    • Contemporary theories acknowledge that human development is a complex synthesis of diverse processes at multiple levels of functioning
    • These theories are especially useful to helping professionals (Melchert, 2016)

    Goals of Developmental Science

    • Describe people's behavioral characteristics at different ages
    • Identify how people respond to life's experiences at different ages
    • Formulate theories to explain typical characteristics and responses
    • Understand factors contributing to developmental differences between individuals
    • Understand how behavior is influenced by cultural context and changes in culture across generations

    Methods of Developmental Science

    • Use an array of scientific tools to obtain objective, unbiased information
    • Make careful observations and measurements
    • Test theoretical explanations empirically

    Importance of Developmental Science

    • Not a remote or esoteric body of knowledge
    • Has much to offer helping professionals in their careers and personal lives

    Classic Theories and Core Issues

    • Address core issues, such as:
      • Is developmental change qualitative or quantitative?
      • Are some developments restricted to critical periods in the life cycle?
      • Are there continuities across the life span?
      • Do people actively influence their own development?
      • Is nature (heredity) or nurture (environment) more important in causing developmental change?
      • Are there universal developmental trajectories, processes, and changes across cultures and historical periods?

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    Description

    This quiz explores how caregivers' responsiveness affects a child's autonomy and initiative. It covers the impact of attitudes towards self and others on psychosocial development.

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