Psychology of Aggression Quiz

Normative Ethics

• Explores how we should behave and distinguishes right from wrong actions.

Virtue Ethics (Aristotle)

• Focuses on character development and cultivating virtues like honesty, courage, and kindness.
• Aims to live a fulfilling life by acting in accordance with these virtues.

Descriptive Ethics

• Studies the ethical beliefs and practices of different cultures and groups.

Applied Ethics

• Examines ethical issues in specific contexts such as medicine, business, or technology.

Other Ethical Theories

• Include utilitarianism, deontology, and feminist ethics.

Global Citizenship

• Promotes understanding and respect for different cultures and recognizing the interconnectedness of our world.

Ethical Research Principles

• Include informed consent, confidentiality, and beneficence.

Aggression

• Behavior intended to cause harm, with violence being an extreme form.

Forms of Aggression:

• Physical Aggression: Using physical force to cause harm.
• Verbal Aggression: Using words to threaten, insult, or intimidate.
• Relational Aggression: Targeting a person's social relationships to cause harm.
• Indirect Aggression: Using indirect methods to cause harm, such as spreading rumors.
• Passive Aggression: Expressing aggression indirectly, often through avoidance or procrastination.

Functions of Aggression

• Defense: Protecting oneself or others from harm.
• Competition: Gaining resources, status, or power.
• Domination: Controlling or influencing others.

Subdisciplines of Aggression

• Developmental Aggression: Studies the development of aggressive behavior throughout the lifespan.
• Social Aggression: Examines the role of social factors such as peer influence and societal norms.
• Clinical Aggression: Focuses on understanding and treating aggression in clinical settings.

Genetics and Aggression

• Studies suggest a genetic predisposition for aggression, particularly for violent behavior.

Biological Factors of Aggression

• Neurotransmitters: Imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine can contribute to aggression.
• Hormones: Hormones like testosterone and cortisol are associated with aggressive behavior.
• Brain Structure: Differences in brain structure, such as in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, can influence aggression.

General Aggression Model (GAM)

• A model that explains the development and expression of aggressive behavior.
• Suggests that aggression is influenced by a combination of personal factors (traits), situational factors (provocations, cues) and cognitive factors (interpretations, expectations).

I Cubed Model

• Explains aggression as an interaction between three factors:
  • Instigation: Provocative events that trigger aggression.
  • Impellance: Internal factors that increase the likelihood of aggression.
  • Inhibition: Factors that reduce the likelihood of aggression.

Effects of Violent Media

• Research suggests a link between exposure to violent media and increased aggression, desensitization, and increased fear.

Psychological Research Findings on Violent Media

• Anderson and Bushman (2001): Found a link between violent video game play and aggression.
• Ferguson (2012): A meta-analysis challenged the link between violent video games and aggression, finding a weak correlation.

Seven-Nation Study (Anderson & Warburton, 2017)

• Found that media-violent exposure is associated with increased aggression in children and adults across seven countries.

Psychological Mechanisms for Media Violence

• Observational Learning: Learning aggressive behaviors by observing them in media.
• Priming: Exposure to violence increases the accessibility of aggressive thoughts and behaviors.

Limbic System and Media Violence

• The limbic system, responsible for emotions and memory, is activated by violence in media.

Memory Storage & Media Violence

• Violent media content is more easily stored in memory, making it more easily recalled.

Emotional Processing & Media Violence

• Violent media can interfere with emotional processing, leading to desensitization and difficulty perceiving distress.

Desensitisation & Media Violence

• Repeated exposure to media violence desensitizes individuals, making them less reactive to real-world violence.

Brain Activity and Media Violence

• Brain imaging studies show increased activity in areas associated with aggression (amygdala) and decreased activity in areas associated with empathy and self-regulation (prefrontal cortex).

Other Brainmapping Studies

• Matthews and Colleagues (Indiana Medical School): Found that violent video game players showed reduced activation in brain areas associated with empathy.
• Grafman et al. (National Institutes of Health): Demonstrated that those who watched violent media showed increased activation in the prefrontal cortex, suggesting a stronger tendency for aggressive behavior in later situations.

Remediation of Media Violence Effects

• Media literacy programs and interventions can help counter negative effects of violent media exposure.

Overall Impact of Media Violence

• Exposure to violent media contributes to a culture of violence, desensitization, and increased aggression.

Traffic Psychology

• Studies how psychological factors, such as perception, attention, and decision-making, influence driving behavior.

Utes and SUVs

• These vehicles offer a perception of greater safety, but often lead passengers to take more risks, including speeding.

Vulnerability by Age

• Younger and older drivers are more likely to be involved in accidents, due to physical and cognitive limitations.

Fatal 5 Risk Behaviors

• Speeding
• Impaired Driving
• Distraction
• Fatigue
• Not wearing a seatbelt.

Vision Zero

• Developed by Sweden, it aims to create a traffic environment where zero traffic fatalities are the goal.

Perceptual Errors

• A significant factor in traffic accidents.
• Common errors include misjudging speed, distance, and other drivers' intentions.

Facts About Traffic Psychology

• Human error accounts for up to 95% of traffic accidents.
• Risk-taking behavior increases with age until around 30.
• Driver fatigue is as dangerous as driving under the influence of alcohol.

Overview of Internet Pornography

• The production and consumption of pornography has been significantly impacted by the internet.
• The accessibility, diversity, and availability have increased dramatically.
• The internet offers anonymity and access to a larger audience for pornographers.
• Increased accessibility and ease of access contribute to a greater number of people consuming pornography.

Technological Impact on Pornography

• Key 1980s Developments (McCullough, 2015)
  • Video cassette recorders
  • Cable TV
  • Home video production
  • Modems and the internet opened doors to wider access.

Influencing Factors of Pornography Consumption

• The 'Triple-A Engine' (Cooper, 1998)
  • Accessibility: Easier access to a wider range of pornography online.
  • Affordability: Lower costs compared to traditional forms of pornography.
  • Anonymity: Increased privacy and reduced social stigma associated with consumption.

Cultural Shift and Pornography

• Pornography consumption is increasingly normalized and destigmatized, particularly for men.

Covid-19 and Porn Use

• The Covid-19 pandemic saw an increase in pornography use.
• Factors contributing to this include increased isolation, stress, and boredom.

Mainstream Concerns about Pornography

• Increased pornography consumption can contribute to unrealistic expectations about sex and sexuality.
• Can lead to desensitization and decreased sexual satisfaction.
• Possible harm for vulnerable individuals.

Theoretical Underpinnings of Media Violence and Sexual Behaviour

• Cognitive Theories: Media violence and pornography can alter schemas and scripts about sex and violence.
• Social Learning Theory: People learn behaviors by observing them in others, such as seeing aggression and sexual behavior in media.

Cognitive Structures and Media Violence

• Bushman and Huesmann (2001): Argue that exposure to violence in media increases the accessibility of violent thoughts in the mind.

General Aggression Model (GAM) and Media Violence

• Bushman and Anderson (2002): Applies the GAM model to understanding the role of media violence in aggression and sexual behavior, highlighting the role of cognitive processes.

Effects of Media Violence

• Media violence can desensitize individuals to violence in real life.
• It can lead to a more tolerant attitude toward aggression.
• Can prime individuals to behave aggressively.

Gender Schema Theory and Media Violence

• Bem (1981): Explains the impact of social expectations on how individuals perceive and process information about gendered behavior.
• Media can contribute to reinforcing stereotypical gender roles, including expectations around sexual behavior.

Sex Script Theory and Media Violence

• Huesmann (1986): Suggests that individuals learn about sex and relationships from social sources like media.
• Pornography can contribute to the formation of negative and unrealistic sex scripts.

Media Violence & Pornography Criticisms

• Critics argue that the link between violent media and aggression is overstated.
• They point out that other social factors, such as poverty and lack of education, play a larger role.
• Critics argue that pornography is a form of free speech and should not be restricted.

Child Exposure to Inappropriate Content

• Children can be exposed to inappropriate content online, including pornography, through accidents or intentional exposure.
• This exposure can be harmful to their development, leading to shame, anxiety, and negative sexual attitudes.

NSW Government Inquiry into Child Exposure

• The NSW government conducted an inquiry into the issue of child exposure to inappropriate content online, highlighting the need for stronger regulations and education initiatives.

Need for Education on Online Safety

• Education is crucial for teaching children and parents about online safety and how to protect themselves from inappropriate content.

Gaps in Current Education Efforts

• Education programs often fail to address pornography specifically, focusing more broadly on online safety.

Funding Announcement (July 2024):

• The Australian government announced funding for education initiatives focused on reducing child exposure to pornography and sexual exploitation online.

Widespread Exposure to Pornography

• Our Watch (2018) conducted a survey that revealed high levels of pornography exposure among young people in Australia.

Impact and Concerns about Pornography

• Exposure to pornography can contribute to unrealistic expectations about sex, body image issues, and increased pressure to conform to societal norms.
• Can lead to desensitization, reduced sexual satisfaction, and a distorted view of sexuality.

Effects of Pornography on Behaviour

• Studies suggest that heavy pornography consumption can affect sexual behavior, including increased sexual risk taking and a decreased ability to empathize with sexual partners.

Key Studies

• Laier et al. (2014): Found a link between high pornography use and reduced sexual satisfaction.
• Ward et al. (2013): Linked heavy pornography use to a higher likelihood of infidelity.

Child Maltreatment

• Includes abuse, neglect, and exploitation.
• Affects children's physical, emotional, and social development.

Breakdown of Abuse by Predators

• A majority of instances involve abuse by someone known by the child.
• Predators are often family members, friends, or acquaintances.
• Most victims are abused by people they know and trust.
• Abuse by strangers remains serious and often involves online grooming and exploitation.
• The majority of perpetrators are male.
• Abuse of females is significantly more common.
• Abuse of children under the age of 14 is most prevalent.

Notable Increase in Peer Abuse

• Linked to risk-taking behaviors, lack of supervision, and social influences among young people.

Cultural Attributes and Violence Against Women

• The 2021 National Community Attitudes Survey revealed that a portion of Australians still hold harmful views about gender roles.
• This includes beliefs such as men's entitlement to sex and victim-blaming in cases of sexual violence.

Partner abuse

• Includes physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.

Stalking

• A pattern of repeated and unwanted attention, harassment, or contact that causes fear or distress.

Trends in Child Maltreatment

• Reporting of child maltreatment has increased in recent years.
• This can be attributed to increased public awareness and better access to resources.

Domestic Violence and Vulnerability

• Domestic violence disproportionately affects women, children, and people with disabilities.
• These groups are often more vulnerable due to social and economic factors.

Family Violence

• Includes any form of violence or abuse that occurs in the family context.

Economic Cost of Child Maltreatment

• Child maltreatment has significant financial and social costs to individuals, families, and society.
• This includes long-term health problems, reduced productivity, and increased social service use.

Scientific Literacy

• Defined as the ability to understand and apply scientific knowledge and skills in everyday life and the workplace.

Benefits of Scientific Literacy

• Allows people to analyze and evaluate scientific information critically.
• Enables individuals to make informed decisions about health, technology, and environmental issues.
• Contributes to active citizenship by promoting engagement in scientific and societal debates.

Psychological Literacy

• Defined as the ability to understand and apply psychological knowledge to real-life situations.
• It involves understanding human behavior, thinking critically, and using psychological principles to solve problems.

Key People in Psychological Literacy

• Daniel Kahneman: Nobel laureate in economics, known for his research on cognitive biases.
• Amos Tversky: Co-developer of prospect theory, which explains how people make decisions under uncertainty.
• Richard Thaler: Nobel laureate in economics known for his work on behavioral economics.
• Cass Sunstein: Legal scholar and behavioral economist who has written extensively on nudging and behavioral policy.

Key Focus of Psychological Literacy

• Encourages individuals to think like psychologists, reflecting on their own thoughts and behaviors to promote personal growth and societal improvement.

Heuristics and Psychological Literacy

• Mental shortcuts that people use to make quick decisions or judgments.

Cognitive Reflection Test

• Frederick (2005): The Cognitive Reflection Test tests a person's ability to override their initial gut reactions and engage in deeper reflection to find the correct answer.

Examples from the Cognitive Reflection Test

• If a bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total and the bat costs $1 more than the ball, how much does the ball cost?
  • Most people answer 10 cents, but the correct answer is 5 cents.
• There are 5 machines that make 5 widgets in 5 minutes. How many minutes does it take 100 machines to make 100 widgets?
  • The correct answer is 5 minutes.

Pathways to Become a Psychologist

• Undergraduate Degree: Complete a bachelor's degree in psychology or a related field.
• Postgraduate Studies: Pursue a master's or doctoral degree in psychology.

Competencies Required to Become a Psychologist

• Ethical Conduct: Adherence to the code of ethics.
• Professional Competence: Proficiency in theoretical knowledge and research methods.
• Interpersonal Skills: Effective communication and collaboration.
• Self-Awareness: Understanding one's biases and limitations.
• Cultural Sensitivity: Respect for diversity and cultural differences.
• Critical Thinking: Analytical skills for problem solving and decision-making.
• Research Skills: Ability to conduct research, analyze data, and contribute to the field.
• Assessment Skills: Proficiency in administering and interpreting psychological assessments.

Global Drug and Alcohol Statistics

• The global illicit drug market is estimated to be worth billions of dollars.
• Alcohol is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance.

Australian Drug and Alcohol Statistics

• Drug use continues to be a significant issue in Australia, with alcohol being the most prevalent.
• The data shows high rates of alcohol consumption.

Alcohol Use in Australia

• Alcohol-related deaths are a leading cause of death and disability in Australia.
• Excessive alcohol consumption contributes to various health problems, including liver disease, heart disease, and cancer.

Illicit Drugs in Australia

• The use of illicit drugs such as cannabis, methamphetamine, and heroin remains prevalent in Australia.
• These substances contribute significantly to crime and social problems

Treatment in Australia

• There is a demand for drug and alcohol treatment services.
• The availability and access to treatment vary across regions.

Important Organizations

• The Australian Psychological Society (APS)
• The Australian Medical Association (AMA)
• The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC)
• The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW)

National Standards and Codes of Ethical Conduct

• National standards and codes of ethical conduct guide the practice of drug and alcohol professionals.
• These standards ensure that practitioners provide quality services with respect for human rights, dignity, and safety.

National Practice Standards for Drug and Alcohol Workers

• Assessment: Comprehensive and individualized assessment of client needs.
• Planning: Development of individualized treatment plans.
• Intervention: Provision of evidence-based treatment interventions
• Monitoring and Evaluation: Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of client progress.
• Collaboration: Working with clients, families, and other professionals.
• Case Management: Coordinating services and resources for clients.
• Communication: Open and clear communication with clients, families, and other professionals.
• Documentation and Record Keeping: Maintaining accurate and confidential records.
• Professional Development: Continuing education and professional development.
• Ethical Conduct: Adhering to a code of ethics and professional standards.
• Cultural Sensitivity: Respect for cultural diversity and individual differences.
• Safety and Risk Management: Ensuring the safety of clients and staff.
• Quality Improvement: Continuously improving service quality and outcomes.

APS Code of Ethics

• The APS Code of Ethics outlines the ethical principles that psychologists should strive to uphold in their professional practice.

General Principles of the APS Code of Ethics

• Respect for Rights and Dignity: Psychologists are obligated to respect the rights and dignity of all individuals.
• Propriety: Psychologists must act ethically and professionally in their interactions with clients and colleagues.
• Integrity: Psychologists are expected to be honest and transparent in their professional practice.

General Principle A: Respect for Rights and Dignity

• Psychologists must respect the rights and dignity of all individuals, regardless of their background or circumstances. This includes respecting the right to privacy, autonomy, confidentiality, and informed consent.
• Informed Consent: Clients must be fully informed about the nature of services, risks, and benefits.
• Confidentiality: Clients' information must be kept confidential.
• Limits to Confidentiality: Psychologists are required to disclose confidential information if there is a serious risk of harm to the individual or others.
• Privacy: Respecting clients' right to privacy and boundaries.

General Principle B: Propriety

• Psychologists are expected to behave ethically and professionally in all interactions with clients, colleagues. and the public.
• Conflicts of Interest: Psychologists must disclose and manage any conflicts of interest that may arise.
• Professional Boundaries: Maintaining clear boundaries between professional and personal relationships.
• Professional Competence: Psychologists must maintain the highest level of professional competence. -Objectivity: Avoiding bias and prejudice in their professional practice.
• Accurate Representation: Ensuring the accuracy of information and claims made to clients, colleagues, and the public.
• Advertising and Solicitation: Adhering to ethical guidelines regarding advertising and solicitation of clients.

General Principle C: Integrity

• Honesty: Psychologists must be truthful and honest in their interactions with clients, colleagues, and the public.
• Non-Exploitation: Avoid exploiting clients or colleagues for personal gain or advantage.
• Confidentiality: Maintaining confidentiality of client information.
• Reporting Ethical Violations: Reporting any ethical violations by colleagues to the appropriate authorities.

The Mental Health Act (2007)

• The NSW Mental Health Act (2007) provides a framework for the care and treatment of people with mental illness in New South Wales.
• It aims to ensure that individuals with mental illness receive appropriate and effective care in a safe and supportive environment.

Key Principles of the Mental Health Act

• Least restrictive care: Individuals with mental illness should receive the least restrictive form of care that is appropriate to their needs.
• Recovery-oriented care: Treatment should focus on empowering individuals to achieve their goals and live fulfilling lives.
• Informed consent: Individuals must be informed about and consent to their treatment.
• Safe and effective care: Individuals with mental illness have the right to safe and effective care.

Who the Mental Health Act Applies To

• The Act applies to people who are considered to have a mental illness.
• It applies to people who are mentally disordered, meaning they have a severe mental illness that requires treatment.
• It can also apply to people who are mentally ill, meaning they have a less severe mental illness that may not require hospitalization.

Mentally Disordered

• Dangerous to themselves or others: Individuals who are a danger to themselves or others, such as people who are suicidal or who pose a threat to the safety of others.
• In need of treatment: People who require immediate treatment for a mental illness, such as those experiencing acute psychosis or severe depression.
• Lacking capacity to consent to treatment: Individuals who have a mental illness that prevents them from understanding the nature of their treatment or providing informed consent.

Mentally Ill

• People who have been diagnosed with a mental illness, even if they are not currently experiencing symptoms.
• Individuals who have a history of mental illness and may require ongoing support and care.

Tribunal Process

• The Tribunal is responsible for reviewing applications for involuntary treatment.
• They conduct hearings to assess the person's mental state.
• The Tribunal decides whether the individual should be subject to involuntary treatment.

Child Safety and Mandatory Reporting in NSW

• The NSW government has a range of laws and policies designed to protect children from harm. This includes mandatory reporting laws, which require certain professionals to report suspected cases of child abuse or neglect.

AHPRA PBA Mandatory Reporting (Health Practitioners)

• The Psychology Board of Australia (PBA) and the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) have guidelines for mandatory reporting that apply to health practitioners.

Psychology Board Guidelines

• Psychologists who work with children are mandated to report suspected child abuse or neglect to the authorities.

Mandatory Notifications

• These are reports that practitioners are legally obliged to make to the relevant authorities, such as the police or child protection services.

Notifiable Conduct (Section 140 of National Law)

• The National Law outlines a range of notifiable conduct for health practitioners.
• Sexual abuse: Engaging in sexual abuse with a client.
• Sexual misconduct: Engaging in sexually inappropriate behavior with a client.
• Harmful practice: Providing care or treatment that is harmful or substandard.
• Impairment: Having a condition or impairment that affects one's ability to practice safely.

Key Authorities for Mandatory Reporting

• Department of Communities and Justice (DCJ): The primary agency responsible for child protection in NSW.
• NSW Police: Law enforcement agency that investigates and responds to reports of child abuse and neglect.

Human Rights Acts

• The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC): An international treaty that recognizes the rights of all children.
• The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW): An international treaty that aims to eliminate discrimination against women.
• The Human Rights Act (1998): A British law that enshrines the European Convention on Human Rights in UK law.
• The Human Rights Act (2004): A Canadian law that protects the rights of all people in Canada.
• The Australian Human Rights Commission Act (1986): A law that establishes the Australian Human Rights Commission and protects human rights in Australia.

Privacy Act 1988 - Australian Privacy Principles (APPs)

• The Australian Privacy Principles (APPs) are a set of standards for the handling of personal information in Australia.
• They are designed to protect the privacy of individuals and ensure that their personal information is collected, used, and disclosed in a responsible and ethical manner.

APP 1: Open and Transparent Management of Personal Information

• Organisations must be open and transparent about how they collect, use, and disclose personal information.

APP 2: Anonymity and Pseudonymity

• Organisations must allow individuals to deal with them anonymously or pseudonymously, where possible.

APP 3: Collection of Solicited Personal Information

• Organisations must collect personal information only for a lawful purpose and with the individual's consent.

APP 4: Dealing with Unsolicited Personal Information

• Organisations must deal with unsolicited personal information responsibly and ethically.

APP 5: Notification of the Collection of Personal Information

• Organisations must notify individuals when they collect personal information about them.

APP 6: Use or Disclosure of Personal Information

• Organisations must ensure that the use or disclosure of personal information is for a lawful purpose and with the individual's consent.

APP 7: Direct Marketing

• Organisations must comply with requirements regarding direct marketing practices.

APP 8: Cross-Border Disclosure of Personal Information

• Organisations must take reasonable steps to ensure that the disclosure of personal information to overseas recipients is lawful.

APP 9: Government-Related Identifiers

• Organisations must not collect sensitive information about individuals without their consent or a lawful reason.

APP 10: Quality of Personal Information

• Organisations must take reasonable steps to ensure that personal information is accurate, up-to-date, and complete.

APP 11: Security of Personal Information

• Organisations must protect personal information from unauthorized access, use, modification, and disclosure.

APP 12: Access to Personal Information

• Individuals have the right to access their personal information held by organisations.

APP 13: Correction of Personal Information

• Individuals have the right to request the correction of inaccurate or incomplete personal information held by organisations.

Ongoing Professional Development (OPD)

• Ongoing professional development is an essential aspect of maintaining professional competence and staying current in the field of psychology.

Continuous Learning

• Psychologists are expected to engage in continuous learning throughout their careers.
• This includes keeping up-to-date with developments in the field, attending conferences and workshops, and reading relevant literature.

CPD Requirements

• The Psychology Board of Australia (PBA) requires all psychologists to engage in a minimum number of hours of continuing professional development (CPD) each year.
• This requirement helps to ensure that psychologists maintain their competence and stay current in the field.

Types of CPD

• CPD can take many forms. It can include Attending conferences and workshops, participating in online courses or webinars, supervision with a more experienced psychologist, publishing in academic journals, and mentoring other professionals.

Endorsement in Special Practice Areas

• A psychologist can receive an endorsement in a specific practice area, such as clinical neuropsychology or forensic psychology.
• Endorsements indicate that the psychologist has met the required standards of practice in that area and is able to provide specialized services.

Record Keeping and CPD

• Psychologists are required to maintain records of their CPD activities.
• These records must be accessible for review by the PBA and other relevant authorities.

Consequences of Non-Compliance with CPD Requirements

• Failure to meet CPD requirements can result in disciplinary action by the PBA.

Importance of Ongoing Professional Development

• It helps ensure psychologists are providing the most effective and ethical care possible.
• It also benefits clients by ensuring they are receiving the most up-to-date and effective services.

Importance of Self-Care for Psychologists and Counsellors

• Self-care is essential for psychologists and counselors to maintain their mental health and well-being.
• These professionals often deal with emotionally demanding work, and they may be at increased risk for burnout, anxiety, and depression.

Components of Self-Care

• Maintaining physical health: Engaging in regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, and getting enough sleep.
• Managing stress: Practicing relaxation techniques, engaging in hobbies, and seeking support from friends and family.
• Developing coping mechanisms: Learning to recognize and manage emotional stress, and seeking professional support when necessary.
• Setting boundaries: Defining clear boundaries between work and personal life.

Burnout in the Caring Professions

• Burnout is a state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged or excessive stress.
• It is a common problem in the caring professions, including psychology, social work, and nursing.

Dimensions of Burnout

• Maslach (1998): Three dimensions of burnout:
  • Emotional exhaustion: Feeling emotionally drained and overwhelmed.
  • Depersonalization: Feeling emotionally detached from clients and work.
  • Reduced personal accomplishment: Feeling ineffective and unable to make a difference.
• Gabriela Tavella (2023): Six dimensions of burnout:
  • Emotional exhaustion: Feeling emotionally drained and overwhelmed.
  • Cynicism: Developing a negative attitude toward work and clients.
  • Depersonalization: Feeling emotionally detached from clients and work.
  • Feeling of Ineffectiveness: Feeling unsuccessful and unable to make a difference.
  • Lack of Personal Accomplishment: Feeling that one's work is not meaningful.
  • Physical Fatigue: Experiencing physical symptoms of stress, such as headaches, muscle tension, and fatigue.

Sydney Burnout Measure

• The Sydney Burnout Measure is a psychological tool used to assess burnout in individuals.
• It measures six dimensions of burnout: emotional exhaustion, cynicism, reduced personal accomplishment, physical fatigue, loss of control, and disengagement.

Recognising Burnout

• By recognizing the signs and symptoms of burnout, psychologists and counselors can take pro-active steps to address it.
• Symptoms include feelings of exhaustion, cynicism, and a lack of accomplishment, along with physical symptoms such as headaches, muscle tension, or difficulty sleeping.

Factors That Influence Burnout

• Situational Factors:
• High workload: Excessive demands on time and energy.
• Lack of control: Limited autonomy and decision-making power.
• Lack of support: Inadequate resources and social support.

Mismatch Theory and Burnout

• Maslach et al. (2000): Burnout frequently occurs when there's a mismatch between:
• Workload and Resources: Too much work, too few resources.
• Rewards and Effort: Insufficient rewards for the effort exerted.
• Values and Work: Work is not aligned with personal values.
• Skills and Job Demands: Lack of the necessary skills and abilities.
• Control and Job Demands: Low control over job demands.
• Fairness and Job Demands: Perceived unfairness in work conditions.

Test your knowledge on the psychology of aggression with this quiz that covers normative ethics, the limbic system, and the General Aggression Model. You'll also explore key concepts like media violence and risk behaviors in traffic psychology. Perfect for psychology students looking to deepen their understanding of aggression.