Psychology Chapter 11 & 12: Aggression and Group Dynamics
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Questions and Answers

What is groupthink primarily characterized by?

  • Suppression of dissenting viewpoints (correct)
  • Enhanced critical thinking
  • Open discussion and debate
  • A high level of individual creativity

Which of the following is a characteristic that promotes groupthink?

  • Encouragement of dissent
  • Strong leadership that seeks input
  • High group cohesion (correct)
  • Diverse perspectives

Which strategy is effective for reducing groupthink?

  • Designating a devil's advocate (correct)
  • Prioritizing consensus over creativity
  • Focusing only on group performance
  • Limiting communication outside the group

What does the term conformity refer to?

<p>Change in behavior to match others in a group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does compliance differ from conformity?

<p>Compliance involves changing behavior privately, while conformity is public (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Asch's study on line lengths, what was a surprising result?

<p>Many participants conformed to the wrong answer even when they knew it was incorrect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social facilitation?

<p>Enhanced performance on tasks in group settings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by deindividuation?

<p>Loss of self-awareness in groups leading to atypical behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does behavior confirmation involve?

<p>Acting in ways that confirm existing beliefs about oneself. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is subtyping in social psychology?

<p>Creating a new category for individuals who do not fit a stereotype. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is out-group homogeneity best defined?

<p>Assuming all members of an out-group have similar traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does in-group heterogeneity refer to?

<p>Recognizing the diversity among in-group members. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is out-group derogation?

<p>Holding negative views about members of an out-group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do superordinate goals play in reducing bias?

<p>They bring groups together to achieve a common objective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cross-cutting identities?

<p>Identities that intersect, creating connections across groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the broaden-and-build hypothesis proposed by Fredrickson?

<p>It suggests that positive emotions expand one's mindset and promote resilience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of aggressive behavior?

<p>Physical aggression, verbal aggression, relational aggression, and passive aggression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does socioeconomic status influence aggression and testosterone levels?

<p>Higher socioeconomic status often correlates with higher testosterone and higher aggression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what primary way do females typically demonstrate aggressive tendencies?

<p>By using relational aggression or social manipulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding males' display of aggression?

<p>Males tend to use physical forms of aggression more than females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship is characterized by the culture of honor and aggression?

<p>Individuals in cultures with strong honor may respond aggressively to perceived insults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aggressive behavior is characterized by the intention to harm someone emotionally rather than physically?

<p>Relational aggression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key finding was associated with the Robber's Cave study?

<p>Competition can create in-group and out-group hostility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept relates the interactions of aggression with biological factors such as testosterone?

<p>Increased testosterone is associated with increased aggression tendencies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential impact of violent video games on behaviors?

<p>They increase the likelihood of violent behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship exists between a nation's gun ownership rates and its homicide rates?

<p>Higher gun ownership rates typically correlate with higher homicide rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the behaviors of bystanders in the Kitty Genovese case?

<p>Bystanders displayed a phenomenon known as the bystander effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is altruism defined in psychology?

<p>A selfless concern for the well-being of others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an evolutionary basis for altruism?

<p>Altruism promotes cooperation among closely related individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of community are individuals more likely to assist someone in need?

<p>Rural communities where people know each other well. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of group dynamics in computer simulations?

<p>They illustrate the evolution of cooperation or competition within groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for the emergence of group living in humans?

<p>To enhance survival through cooperative behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals approach moral dilemmas according to Kohlberg's theory?

<p>Through a series of developmental stages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 fundamental values identified by Haidt?

<p>Harm, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by ego-defense in psychological terms?

<p>A tendency to misperceive reality for self-protection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of moral hypocrisy in social psychology?

<p>The tendency to judge others more harshly than oneself for similar behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic could influence greater moral hypocrisy according to research?

<p>High social status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does capital punishment reportedly impact homicide rates?

<p>It shows no significant correlation with homicide rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does eyewitness testimony influence the criminal justice system?

<p>It is often regarded as highly reliable and decisive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term own-race bias refer to?

<p>The tendency to recognize faces of one's own race better (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key predictor for cooperation in social dilemma games?

<p>Previous successful collaboration experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Ultimatum Game, what is the main outcome for the responder?

<p>They can reject an unfair offer, leading to no gain for the proposer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Public Goods Game?

<p>Everyone has the option to contribute to a common pool while also benefitting from others' contributions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sanctions influence behavior in social dilemma games?

<p>They increase cooperation by deterring selfish behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a belief in a just world?

<p>The conviction that everyone gets what they deserve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can just world beliefs affect individual perceptions in group settings?

<p>They cause individuals to underestimate their impact on group dynamics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a moral dilemma?

<p>An ethical conflict where one action is morally preferable over another (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception about social dilemma games?

<p>They always lead to cooperation among participants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason why highly competent group members may make poor decisions in a group setting?

<p>Increased confidence often leads to overlooking critical flaws. (B), Social pressure may cause them to conform against their better judgment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social facilitation generally influence individual performance in a group setting?

<p>It can enhance performance on well-practiced tasks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes compliance in a social context?

<p>Changing behavior in response to a direct request. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between conformity and obedience?

<p>Conformity is voluntary, while obedience is often coercive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy could effectively reduce the impact of groupthink in decision-making?

<p>Encouraging individuals to express dissenting opinions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phenomenon of deindividuation primarily lead individuals to do?

<p>Engage in behavior they would typically avoid as individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Asch's study on line length judgments, what was one surprising outcome?

<p>Participants often went along with the group even when they knew the correct answer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the concept of group mind?

<p>A psychological state where group dynamics dominate individual thought processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of prejudice?

<p>An unfounded or incorrect belief about a group of people. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common personality trait associated with prejudiced attitudes?

<p>Authoritarianism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes ego-defense?

<p>A rationalization for unethical behavior to protect self-esteem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between stereotypes and prejudice?

<p>Stereotypes are generalizations about a group, while prejudice is a feeling towards members of that group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely influence on an individual's tendency to engage in moral hypocrisy?

<p>High social status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stereotype threat?

<p>The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's own group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of own-race bias?

<p>Greater accuracy in identifying faces of one's own race (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way might a prejudiced person describe positive behavior by an out-group member?

<p>They view it as an exception rather than the rule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does discrimination refer to?

<p>The actions taken against individuals based on their group membership. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg, which stage of moral development involves making decisions based on social norms?

<p>Conventional level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Haidt's five fundamental values emphasize in moral reasoning?

<p>Loyalty, authority, and sanctity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies a stereotype?

<p>Believing that all politicians are corrupt. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can eyewitness testimony impact the criminal justice system?

<p>It can be unreliable and lead to wrongful convictions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a situation where an individual feels they may confirm a negative stereotype about their group?

<p>Stereotype threat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor might differentiate sensitivity to fundamental values between political orientations in the US?

<p>Religious beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does behavior confirmation typically involve?

<p>Individuals confirming their previously held beliefs through social interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subtyping serves to explain which of the following?

<p>The reinforcement of stereotypes when encountering a counterexample. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Out-group homogeneity can be best described as what?

<p>Assuming that all members of an out-group share the same traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In-group heterogeneity refers to which concept?

<p>The perception that members of one's own group are distinct from each other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Out-group derogation often results from which underlying factor?

<p>A strong sense of identification with one's group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Superordinate goals are effective in reducing bias through what mechanism?

<p>By necessitating cooperation to achieve a common objective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of cross-cutting identities would be?

<p>Belonging to multiple social groups that influence each other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The broaden-and-build hypothesis posits that positive emotions do what?

<p>Broaden thought-action repertoires and build personal resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is false memory syndrome?

<p>The recalling of events that did not occur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does stress play in subjective well-being?

<p>It negatively affects both mental and physical health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most significant in jurors' decisions about guilt or innocence?

<p>The quality of evidence presented. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a person least likely to resist an authority figure's conclusion about a suspect's guilt?

<p>In a highly stressful environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mindfulness primarily aim to enhance in subjective well-being?

<p>Mental clarity and emotional regulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interrogation feature may hinder accurate eyewitness testimony?

<p>Using leading questions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key impact of false memories on eyewitness testimony?

<p>They can result in wrongful convictions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the nature of mindfulness?

<p>Awareness of the present moment without judgment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common predictors that lead individuals to cooperate in social dilemma games?

<p>Previous collaboration experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a just world belief affect an individual's view of their contributions in a team?

<p>It promotes a belief that everyone receives what they deserve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the outcomes of the Public Goods Game?

<p>Some individuals free-ride, reducing overall efficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do sanctions play in social dilemma games?

<p>They can encourage cooperation through potential penalties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of moral dilemmas, which scenario is most likely to trigger a choice-based conflict?

<p>Confrontations between ethical duties and personal desire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of social dilemma games?

<p>They feature a conflict between individual and group interests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does belief in a just world reflect when individuals face adversity?

<p>They believe their struggles are deserved and just. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aggression definition

Aggression is any behavior intended to harm another person.

Types of Aggression

Aggression can be physical, verbal, relational, or instrumental.

Aggression & Testosterone

A correlation exists between testosterone and aggression, but it's not always a direct cause-and-effect relationship.

Socioeconomic Status & Aggression

Socioeconomic factors can modify the correlation between testosterone and aggression.

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Female aggression

Females may express aggression primarily through relational aggression (e.g., social exclusion, gossip).

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Male aggression

Males may demonstrate aggression predominantly through physical violence, but that's not a universal characteristic.

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Robber's Cave study

A famous study demonstrating how intergroup conflict can arise from competition and prejudice.

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Aggression & Culture of Honor

In some cultures, a strong emphasis on honor and reputation can lead to greater sensitivity to perceived insults and potentially increased aggression.

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Group Dynamics

The interactions and relationships within a group, including how individuals influence each other and the group's overall behavior.

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Evolutionary Basis for Group Living

The idea that living in groups provided survival advantages for our ancestors, such as increased protection from predators, improved food gathering, and better child-rearing.

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Computer Simulations of Group Dynamics

Using computer models to study how groups change over time, considering factors like communication, cooperation, and conflict.

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Kitty Genovese Case

A famous case where a young woman was murdered while multiple bystanders witnessed the attack but didn't intervene. This event led to research on bystander apathy.

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Bystander Apathy Explanation

Explanations include diffusion of responsibility (the belief someone else will act), pluralistic ignorance (assuming no one else is concerned), and fear of social disapproval for intervening.

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Altruism

Unselfish concern for the welfare of others, involving actions that benefit others without expecting personal gain.

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Evolutionary Basis for Altruism

Explanations include kin selection (helping relatives increases the survival of shared genes), reciprocal altruism (helping others with the expectation of future help), and group selection (groups with more altruistic individuals thrive).

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Urban vs. Rural Helping Behavior

People in rural areas may be more likely to help strangers than those in urban settings.

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Groupthink

A mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive group, when the members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.

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Social Facilitation

The tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others. It can also lead to poorer performance on complex tasks.

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Deindividuation

A state of reduced self-awareness and diminished personal responsibility that occurs when people are part of a large group or crowd.

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Conformity

The tendency to change one's beliefs or behaviors to align with the norms of a group.

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Compliance

A type of social influence where a person changes their behavior in response to a direct request or order from another person.

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Obedience

A type of social influence where a person changes their behavior in response to an order or command from an authority figure.

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Asch's Conformity Study

A classic study that demonstrated how people are willing to conform to a group's judgments, even when those judgments are clearly incorrect.

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Why highly competent groups make poor decisions

Highly competent groups can become overconfident in their abilities, leading to poor decisions. They may fail to consider alternative viewpoints or adequately evaluate risks.

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Behavior Confirmation

The tendency for people's beliefs about others to influence how they treat those people, which in turn leads those people to behave in ways that confirm the initial beliefs.

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Subtyping

Creating a new category for people who don't fit the stereotype, rather than changing the stereotype itself.

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Out-Group Homogeneity

The perception that members of an out-group are more similar to each other than they actually are.

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In-Group Heterogeneity

The perception that members of an in-group are more diverse and different from each other than they actually are.

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Out-Group Derogation

The tendency to view out-groups in a negative way, often involving prejudice and discrimination.

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Superordinate goals

Goals that require groups to work together to achieve a common outcome, often reducing intergroup bias.

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Cross-cutting identities

Having multiple overlapping group memberships that can reduce intergroup bias by highlighting shared identities.

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Broaden-and-Build Hypothesis

Positive emotions broaden our cognitive perspectives and lead to increased resource building, which can help reduce bias.

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

A theory explaining how individuals develop their moral reasoning through six stages, progressing from focusing on self-interest to considering universal ethical principles.

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Haidt's 5 Fundamental Values

According to Jonathan Haidt, these are the 5 core values that influence our moral judgments: harm/care, fairness/reciprocity, loyalty/ingroup, authority/respect, and sanctity/purity.

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Political Orientation & Value Sensitivity

Different political ideologies often have different levels of sensitivity to Haidt's 5 values. For example, liberals tend to prioritize harm/care and fairness/reciprocity more strongly, while conservatives prioritize loyalty/ingroup, authority/respect, and sanctity/purity.

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Ego-Defense

Psychological strategies used to protect our self-esteem and avoid unpleasant emotions by distorting reality or justifying our actions. Common examples include denial, projection, and rationalization.

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Moral Hypocrisy

The discrepancy between what we say we believe is right and how we actually behave. It's essentially a contradiction between our stated moral values and our actions.

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Influence on Moral Hypocrisy

People who hold high social status or perceive themselves as morally superior are more likely to engage in moral hypocrisy. This is because they may feel less pressure to be consistent in their actions.

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Capital Punishment & Homicide Rates

The relationship between capital punishment and homicide rates is contested. Some studies suggest it has a deterrent effect, while others find no significant impact.

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Eyewitness Testimony & Justice System

Eyewitness testimony plays a crucial role in the justice system, but it's not always reliable. Factors like stress, trauma, and suggestive questioning can distort memories.

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Prejudice

Prejudice is a preconceived negative judgment or attitude towards a person or group, often based on stereotypes and unfounded beliefs.

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Stereotype

A stereotype is a generalized belief or image about a particular group of people, often based on simplistic or incomplete information.

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Discrimination

Discrimination is unfair treatment or action towards a person or group based on their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors.

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What is level of action description?

The level of action description refers to how someone describes their own actions and the actions of others, often revealing their underlying prejudice.

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Stereotype Threat

Stereotype threat is the anxiety and pressure experienced by individuals who are aware of negative stereotypes about their group, potentially leading to poorer performance.

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Own-Race Bias

The tendency for people to be better at recognizing faces of their own race than those of other races.

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False Memory Syndrome

A condition where an individual develops a false memory, often due to suggestive questioning, implanted ideas, or emotional distress. It can be highly impactful on eyewitness testimony by causing inaccuracies and misinterpretations in memory.

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Interrogation Techniques & Eyewitness Testimony

Certain interrogation techniques can significantly influence eyewitness testimony by leading to inaccurate reporting or even false memories. These techniques include suggestive questioning, coercion, pressure, and using threats to influence the witness's perception of events.

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Jurors' Decision-Making

In a courtroom trial, eyewitness testimony is a crucial factor in the jurors' decision of guilt or innocence. However, understanding the limitations of eyewitness testimony and the factors that can influence it is essential for making informed judgements.

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Authority Figure Influence

According to action identification theory, individuals are most susceptible to being influenced by an authority figure's conclusion regarding a suspect's guilt or innocence when they lack a clear understanding of the details of the case and are more reliant on the authority figure's judgment.

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Stress's Impact on Well-being

Stress can negatively impact well-being in various ways, affecting not only mental and emotional states but also physical health. It can lead to fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, weakened immune system, and even contribute to chronic conditions.

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Mindfulness and Well-being

Mindfulness is a mental state of focused awareness of the present moment without judgment. It helps improve subjective well-being by reducing stress, increasing emotional regulation, fostering self-compassion, improving focus, and enhancing overall mental clarity.

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Subjective Well-being

Subjective well-being encompasses a person's overall sense of contentment and happiness with their life. It is a subjective experience that can vary based on individual factors and their perception of their well-being.

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Action Identification Theory

This theory suggests that individuals' actions are interpreted and understood based on the level of abstraction of their description. When an action is described at a higher level of abstraction, it is more likely to be interpreted in terms of intention and social meaning, influencing social judgments and perceptions.

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Social Dilemma Game

A situation where individual self-interest conflicts with the collective good, leading to potential losses for everyone if individuals act solely for themselves.

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Ultimatum Game

A game where one player proposes how to divide a sum of money, and the other player can either accept the offer (they both get their share) or reject it (they both get nothing).

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Public Goods Game

A game where players contribute to a common pool, and everyone benefits proportionally to the total contributions, but there's an incentive to free-ride (contribute less) and still reap the rewards.

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Sanctions in Social Dilemma Games

Punishments or rewards used to influence players' behavior in social dilemma games, encouraging cooperation and discouraging defection.

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Belief in a Just World

The belief that people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they receive, often leading to blaming victims for their misfortunes.

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Moral Dilemma

A situation where two or more moral values conflict, resulting in a difficult choice with ethical implications.

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What are some predictors for cooperation vs defection?

Several factors can influence whether individuals choose to cooperate or defect in social dilemma games. These include personality traits, group dynamics, trust, social norms, and the perceived fairness of the situation.

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How do just world beliefs affect people's perceptions in group settings?

People with just world beliefs may be more likely to attribute their own success to merit and others' failures to lack of effort. This can influence their willingness to contribute to group efforts or their perception of fairness in reward distribution.

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Study Notes

Chapter Eleven: Aggression and Violence

  • Aggression: Define aggression and list four types. Understand the relationship between aggression and testosterone, and how socioeconomic status impacts this. Note how males and females typically demonstrate aggressive tendencies. Be familiar with the Robber's Cave study. Understand the connection between aggression and honor culture. Explore how violent video games affect behavior and perceptions of violence and correlation with gun ownership rates and homicide.
  • Kitty Genovese Case: Understand the case and the explanation for bystander inaction.
  • Prosocial Behavior: Define altruism and its evolutionary basis. Discuss whether urban or rural communities are more likely to assist those in need, and why.

Chapter Twelve: Group Dynamics

  • Group Dynamics: Explore the evolutionary basis for group living and group dynamics in computer simulations over time. Understand how minority groups can influence majority groups.
  • Group Mind: Define groupthink and provide an example. Describe characteristics that promote groupthink and strategies for reducing it.
  • Conformity: Define conformity, compliance, and obedience. Understand the differences and be familiar with Asch's study on judging line lengths.
  • Social Networks: Understand social networks, including parts like cliques and bridges.

Chapter Thirteen: Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination

  • Defining Terms: Define prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, and know the difference between them.
  • Personality Traits: Recognize personality traits commonly associated with prejudiced attitudes.
  • Explanations: Understand level of action description, stereotype threat, behavior confirmation, subtyping, out-group homogeneity, in-group heterogeneity, out-group derogation, and factors contributing to this.
  • Reducing Bias: Define superordinate goals and their role in reducing bias, as seen in the Robber's Cave study. Understand cross-cutting identities and the broaden-and-build hypothesis.

Chapter Fourteen: Social Dilemma Games

  • Social Dilemma Games: Examine predictors of cooperation versus defection in social dilemma games. Explore the Ultimatum Game, Public Goods Game, and the impact of sanctions.
  • Belief in a Just World: Describe just-world beliefs and how they influence perceptions of contributions and rewards in group settings.
  • Moral Dilemmas: Define moral dilemmas and how individuals approach them based on Kohlberg's theory. Understand the 5 fundamental values and how cultural values differ by political orientation. Explain ego defense.
  • Moral Hypocrisy: Understand how social psychologists define moral hypocrisy, and factors that may lead to greater moral hypocrisy.

Chapter Fifteen: Justice System

  • Justice System: How does capital punishment impact homicide rates? Describe own-race bias in relation to eyewitness testimony. Understand false memory syndrome and its impact. Explore interrogation process influences on eyewitness testimony. Discuss the role of authority figures, factors involved in jury decision-making, and the impact of stress on well-being. Lastly, how does Mindfulness influence subjective well-being?
  • Subjective Well-Being: Explore the impact of stress on well-being, both physical and mental. Define mindfulness and its impact on subjective well-being.
  • Computer Simulations: Potential outcomes of computer simulations of social change, patterns in norms and values emerging over time and the influence of minorities on majority opinions.

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SOP 3004 Social Psychology Past Paper Fall 2024 PDF

Description

Dive into Chapter 11, examining aggression, its types, and the influence of factors such as testosterone and socioeconomic status. Chapter 12 focuses on group dynamics, exploring the evolutionary basis for group living and the impact of minority influence on majority groups. Test your understanding of these critical psychological concepts and their real-world applications.

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