Psychology Chapter 11 & 12: Aggression and Group Dynamics

<p>Change in behavior to match others in a group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compliance involves changing behavior privately, while conformity is public (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many participants conformed to the wrong answer even when they knew it was incorrect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced performance on tasks in group settings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of self-awareness in groups leading to atypical behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acting in ways that confirm existing beliefs about oneself. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating a new category for individuals who do not fit a stereotype. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assuming all members of an out-group have similar traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognizing the diversity among in-group members. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holding negative views about members of an out-group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They bring groups together to achieve a common objective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identities that intersect, creating connections across groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that positive emotions expand one's mindset and promote resilience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical aggression, verbal aggression, relational aggression, and passive aggression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher socioeconomic status often correlates with higher testosterone and higher aggression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using relational aggression or social manipulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Males tend to use physical forms of aggression more than females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals in cultures with strong honor may respond aggressively to perceived insults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relational aggression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competition can create in-group and out-group hostility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased testosterone is associated with increased aggression tendencies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase the likelihood of violent behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher gun ownership rates typically correlate with higher homicide rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bystanders displayed a phenomenon known as the bystander effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A selfless concern for the well-being of others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altruism promotes cooperation among closely related individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rural communities where people know each other well. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They illustrate the evolution of cooperation or competition within groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance survival through cooperative behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through a series of developmental stages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Harm, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tendency to misperceive reality for self-protection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency to judge others more harshly than oneself for similar behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High social status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows no significant correlation with homicide rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is often regarded as highly reliable and decisive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency to recognize faces of one's own race better (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Previous successful collaboration experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can reject an unfair offer, leading to no gain for the proposer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Everyone has the option to contribute to a common pool while also benefitting from others' contributions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase cooperation by deterring selfish behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conviction that everyone gets what they deserve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cause individuals to underestimate their impact on group dynamics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ethical conflict where one action is morally preferable over another (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They always lead to cooperation among participants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased confidence often leads to overlooking critical flaws. (B), Social pressure may cause them to conform against their better judgment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can enhance performance on well-practiced tasks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changing behavior in response to a direct request. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformity is voluntary, while obedience is often coercive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encouraging individuals to express dissenting opinions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Engage in behavior they would typically avoid as individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants often went along with the group even when they knew the correct answer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A psychological state where group dynamics dominate individual thought processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An unfounded or incorrect belief about a group of people. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authoritarianism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rationalization for unethical behavior to protect self-esteem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stereotypes are generalizations about a group, while prejudice is a feeling towards members of that group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High social status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's own group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater accuracy in identifying faces of one's own race (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They view it as an exception rather than the rule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The actions taken against individuals based on their group membership. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conventional level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loyalty, authority, and sanctity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Believing that all politicians are corrupt. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be unreliable and lead to wrongful convictions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stereotype threat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Religious beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals confirming their previously held beliefs through social interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reinforcement of stereotypes when encountering a counterexample. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assuming that all members of an out-group share the same traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The perception that members of one's own group are distinct from each other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A strong sense of identification with one's group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By necessitating cooperation to achieve a common objective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Belonging to multiple social groups that influence each other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broaden thought-action repertoires and build personal resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The recalling of events that did not occur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It negatively affects both mental and physical health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The quality of evidence presented. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a highly stressful environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mental clarity and emotional regulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using leading questions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can result in wrongful convictions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Awareness of the present moment without judgment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Previous collaboration experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes a belief that everyone receives what they deserve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some individuals free-ride, reducing overall efficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can encourage cooperation through potential penalties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confrontations between ethical duties and personal desire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They feature a conflict between individual and group interests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They believe their struggles are deserved and just. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aggression is any behavior intended to harm another person.

Aggression can be physical, verbal, relational, or instrumental.

A correlation exists between testosterone and aggression, but it's not always a direct cause-and-effect relationship.

Socioeconomic factors can modify the correlation between testosterone and aggression.

Females may express aggression primarily through relational aggression (e.g., social exclusion, gossip).

Males may demonstrate aggression predominantly through physical violence, but that's not a universal characteristic.

A famous study demonstrating how intergroup conflict can arise from competition and prejudice.

In some cultures, a strong emphasis on honor and reputation can lead to greater sensitivity to perceived insults and potentially increased aggression.

The interactions and relationships within a group, including how individuals influence each other and the group's overall behavior.

The idea that living in groups provided survival advantages for our ancestors, such as increased protection from predators, improved food gathering, and better child-rearing.

Using computer models to study how groups change over time, considering factors like communication, cooperation, and conflict.

A famous case where a young woman was murdered while multiple bystanders witnessed the attack but didn't intervene. This event led to research on bystander apathy.

Explanations include diffusion of responsibility (the belief someone else will act), pluralistic ignorance (assuming no one else is concerned), and fear of social disapproval for intervening.

Unselfish concern for the welfare of others, involving actions that benefit others without expecting personal gain.

Explanations include kin selection (helping relatives increases the survival of shared genes), reciprocal altruism (helping others with the expectation of future help), and group selection (groups with more altruistic individuals thrive).

People in rural areas may be more likely to help strangers than those in urban settings.

A mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive group, when the members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.

The tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others. It can also lead to poorer performance on complex tasks.

A state of reduced self-awareness and diminished personal responsibility that occurs when people are part of a large group or crowd.

The tendency to change one's beliefs or behaviors to align with the norms of a group.

A type of social influence where a person changes their behavior in response to a direct request or order from another person.

A type of social influence where a person changes their behavior in response to an order or command from an authority figure.

A classic study that demonstrated how people are willing to conform to a group's judgments, even when those judgments are clearly incorrect.

Highly competent groups can become overconfident in their abilities, leading to poor decisions. They may fail to consider alternative viewpoints or adequately evaluate risks.

The tendency for people's beliefs about others to influence how they treat those people, which in turn leads those people to behave in ways that confirm the initial beliefs.

Creating a new category for people who don't fit the stereotype, rather than changing the stereotype itself.

The perception that members of an out-group are more similar to each other than they actually are.

The perception that members of an in-group are more diverse and different from each other than they actually are.

The tendency to view out-groups in a negative way, often involving prejudice and discrimination.

Goals that require groups to work together to achieve a common outcome, often reducing intergroup bias.

Having multiple overlapping group memberships that can reduce intergroup bias by highlighting shared identities.

Positive emotions broaden our cognitive perspectives and lead to increased resource building, which can help reduce bias.

A theory explaining how individuals develop their moral reasoning through six stages, progressing from focusing on self-interest to considering universal ethical principles.

According to Jonathan Haidt, these are the 5 core values that influence our moral judgments: harm/care, fairness/reciprocity, loyalty/ingroup, authority/respect, and sanctity/purity.

Different political ideologies often have different levels of sensitivity to Haidt's 5 values. For example, liberals tend to prioritize harm/care and fairness/reciprocity more strongly, while conservatives prioritize loyalty/ingroup, authority/respect, and sanctity/purity.

Psychological strategies used to protect our self-esteem and avoid unpleasant emotions by distorting reality or justifying our actions. Common examples include denial, projection, and rationalization.

The discrepancy between what we say we believe is right and how we actually behave. It's essentially a contradiction between our stated moral values and our actions.

People who hold high social status or perceive themselves as morally superior are more likely to engage in moral hypocrisy. This is because they may feel less pressure to be consistent in their actions.

The relationship between capital punishment and homicide rates is contested. Some studies suggest it has a deterrent effect, while others find no significant impact.

Eyewitness testimony plays a crucial role in the justice system, but it's not always reliable. Factors like stress, trauma, and suggestive questioning can distort memories.

Prejudice is a preconceived negative judgment or attitude towards a person or group, often based on stereotypes and unfounded beliefs.

A stereotype is a generalized belief or image about a particular group of people, often based on simplistic or incomplete information.

Discrimination is unfair treatment or action towards a person or group based on their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors.

The level of action description refers to how someone describes their own actions and the actions of others, often revealing their underlying prejudice.

Stereotype threat is the anxiety and pressure experienced by individuals who are aware of negative stereotypes about their group, potentially leading to poorer performance.

The tendency for people to be better at recognizing faces of their own race than those of other races.

A condition where an individual develops a false memory, often due to suggestive questioning, implanted ideas, or emotional distress. It can be highly impactful on eyewitness testimony by causing inaccuracies and misinterpretations in memory.

Certain interrogation techniques can significantly influence eyewitness testimony by leading to inaccurate reporting or even false memories. These techniques include suggestive questioning, coercion, pressure, and using threats to influence the witness's perception of events.

In a courtroom trial, eyewitness testimony is a crucial factor in the jurors' decision of guilt or innocence. However, understanding the limitations of eyewitness testimony and the factors that can influence it is essential for making informed judgements.

According to action identification theory, individuals are most susceptible to being influenced by an authority figure's conclusion regarding a suspect's guilt or innocence when they lack a clear understanding of the details of the case and are more reliant on the authority figure's judgment.

Stress can negatively impact well-being in various ways, affecting not only mental and emotional states but also physical health. It can lead to fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, weakened immune system, and even contribute to chronic conditions.

Mindfulness is a mental state of focused awareness of the present moment without judgment. It helps improve subjective well-being by reducing stress, increasing emotional regulation, fostering self-compassion, improving focus, and enhancing overall mental clarity.

Subjective well-being encompasses a person's overall sense of contentment and happiness with their life. It is a subjective experience that can vary based on individual factors and their perception of their well-being.

This theory suggests that individuals' actions are interpreted and understood based on the level of abstraction of their description. When an action is described at a higher level of abstraction, it is more likely to be interpreted in terms of intention and social meaning, influencing social judgments and perceptions.

A situation where individual self-interest conflicts with the collective good, leading to potential losses for everyone if individuals act solely for themselves.

A game where one player proposes how to divide a sum of money, and the other player can either accept the offer (they both get their share) or reject it (they both get nothing).

A game where players contribute to a common pool, and everyone benefits proportionally to the total contributions, but there's an incentive to free-ride (contribute less) and still reap the rewards.

Punishments or rewards used to influence players' behavior in social dilemma games, encouraging cooperation and discouraging defection.

The belief that people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they receive, often leading to blaming victims for their misfortunes.

A situation where two or more moral values conflict, resulting in a difficult choice with ethical implications.

Several factors can influence whether individuals choose to cooperate or defect in social dilemma games. These include personality traits, group dynamics, trust, social norms, and the perceived fairness of the situation.

People with just world beliefs may be more likely to attribute their own success to merit and others' failures to lack of effort. This can influence their willingness to contribute to group efforts or their perception of fairness in reward distribution.