Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a definition of the fundamental attribution error?
Which of the following is a definition of the fundamental attribution error?
The actor-observer bias refers to the tendency to attribute our own behavior to internal factors while attributing others' behavior to situational factors.
The actor-observer bias refers to the tendency to attribute our own behavior to internal factors while attributing others' behavior to situational factors.
False (B)
What is a schema?
What is a schema?
A cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information.
A _________ is a fixed, automatic, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people.
A _________ is a fixed, automatic, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people.
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Match the schema types with their descriptions:
Match the schema types with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT considered a domain in the context of personal well-being?
Which of the following is NOT considered a domain in the context of personal well-being?
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Which of these is NOT a type of schema?
Which of these is NOT a type of schema?
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Core schemas are always easy to change, no matter when they were created.
Core schemas are always easy to change, no matter when they were created.
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'personal growth' only involves mental and physical development, not social, emotional, or spiritual aspects.
'personal growth' only involves mental and physical development, not social, emotional, or spiritual aspects.
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How do coping styles relate to schemas?
How do coping styles relate to schemas?
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What is the typical timeframe for the 'provisional adjustment' stage of transition, as described by Williams?
What is the typical timeframe for the 'provisional adjustment' stage of transition, as described by Williams?
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An extended crisis, resulting from the inability to come to terms with a trauma or change, can manifest in both physical and ___________ difficulties.
An extended crisis, resulting from the inability to come to terms with a trauma or change, can manifest in both physical and ___________ difficulties.
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What component of love is characterized by physical attraction and a longing to be close to someone?
What component of love is characterized by physical attraction and a longing to be close to someone?
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Match the following stages of transition with their descriptions:
Match the following stages of transition with their descriptions:
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Commitment solely refers to physical intimacy in a relationship.
Commitment solely refers to physical intimacy in a relationship.
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What is a key aspect of personal growth that can help one attain a more productive life?
What is a key aspect of personal growth that can help one attain a more productive life?
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What usually fosters deep friendship and mutual care?
What usually fosters deep friendship and mutual care?
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The cycle of adjustment suggests that transitions always lead to a crisis exactly six months after the initial event for everyone.
The cycle of adjustment suggests that transitions always lead to a crisis exactly six months after the initial event for everyone.
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What are personal beliefs that contribute to coping and resilience part of?
What are personal beliefs that contribute to coping and resilience part of?
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___ can drive infatuation and physical intimacy.
___ can drive infatuation and physical intimacy.
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Match the components of love with their descriptions:
Match the components of love with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT a method of response for dealing with harassment?
Which of the following is NOT a method of response for dealing with harassment?
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Sexual orientation can only be innate and does not change.
Sexual orientation can only be innate and does not change.
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What is meant by gender expression?
What is meant by gender expression?
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A person's individual experience of gender is referred to as their ______.
A person's individual experience of gender is referred to as their ______.
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Match the types of responses to harassment with their examples:
Match the types of responses to harassment with their examples:
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Which attachment style is characterized by being warm and caring?
Which attachment style is characterized by being warm and caring?
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Which perspective challenges notions of life satisfaction in relation to injustice?
Which perspective challenges notions of life satisfaction in relation to injustice?
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Individuals with avoidant attachment tend to depend on their partners.
Individuals with avoidant attachment tend to depend on their partners.
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Gender identity is strictly linked to the sex assigned at birth.
Gender identity is strictly linked to the sex assigned at birth.
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What approach moves away from viewing homosexuality as a moral sin according to DSM-I?
What approach moves away from viewing homosexuality as a moral sin according to DSM-I?
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What does an anxious attachment style often fear regarding their partner?
What does an anxious attachment style often fear regarding their partner?
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The avoidant attachment style is characterized by a preference for __________.
The avoidant attachment style is characterized by a preference for __________.
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Which of the following behaviors is commonly associated with disorganized attachment?
Which of the following behaviors is commonly associated with disorganized attachment?
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Match the attachment style with its characteristic:
Match the attachment style with its characteristic:
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People with secure attachment usually manage their emotions poorly.
People with secure attachment usually manage their emotions poorly.
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Attachment styles influence how we handle __________.
Attachment styles influence how we handle __________.
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What was the primary purpose of the DSM-II 1968 Sexual Orientation Disturbance diagnosis?
What was the primary purpose of the DSM-II 1968 Sexual Orientation Disturbance diagnosis?
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The DSM-V 2013 frames Gender Dysphoria as a non-pathological condition.
The DSM-V 2013 frames Gender Dysphoria as a non-pathological condition.
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What are maladaptive behaviors?
What are maladaptive behaviors?
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The DSM lists adjustment disorders under the category of ___________.
The DSM lists adjustment disorders under the category of ___________.
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Match the DSM editions with their respective terms or focus:
Match the DSM editions with their respective terms or focus:
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Which DSM edition allowed for the eventual removal of homosexuality as a psychiatric disorder?
Which DSM edition allowed for the eventual removal of homosexuality as a psychiatric disorder?
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Foucault argued that categorizing people reflects a neutral process.
Foucault argued that categorizing people reflects a neutral process.
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What is the timeframe for the development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in adjustment disorders?
What is the timeframe for the development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in adjustment disorders?
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Flashcards
Passion
Passion
Physical attraction, romance, and sexual desire between individuals.
Physical attraction
Physical attraction
Desire to be close to someone, driven by arousal and infatuation.
Commitment
Commitment
The decision to maintain a long-term relationship with someone.
Deep friendship
Deep friendship
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Infatuation
Infatuation
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Secure Attachment
Secure Attachment
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Avoidant Attachment
Avoidant Attachment
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Anxious Attachment
Anxious Attachment
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Disorganized Attachment
Disorganized Attachment
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Closeness in Relationships
Closeness in Relationships
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Conflict Handling
Conflict Handling
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Emotional Needs Communication
Emotional Needs Communication
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Interdependency
Interdependency
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Dependence on Medicinal Substances
Dependence on Medicinal Substances
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Dependence on Nonmedical Substances
Dependence on Nonmedical Substances
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Personal Growth
Personal Growth
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Stages of Transition
Stages of Transition
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Inner Crisis
Inner Crisis
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Cycle of Adjustment
Cycle of Adjustment
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Extended Crisis
Extended Crisis
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Breaking out of Transition Crisis
Breaking out of Transition Crisis
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Sexual Orientation Disturbance
Sexual Orientation Disturbance
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Ego Dystonic Homosexuality
Ego Dystonic Homosexuality
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Sexual Disorder Not Otherwise Specified
Sexual Disorder Not Otherwise Specified
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Gender Identity Disorder
Gender Identity Disorder
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Gender Dysphoria
Gender Dysphoria
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Social Model
Social Model
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Maladaptive Behaviors
Maladaptive Behaviors
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Adjustment Disorders
Adjustment Disorders
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Social Cognition
Social Cognition
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Fundamental Attribution Error
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Actor-Observer Bias
Actor-Observer Bias
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Schema
Schema
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Types of Schemas
Types of Schemas
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Stereotypes
Stereotypes
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Core Schemas
Core Schemas
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Coping Styles
Coping Styles
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Self Response- Initiator Focus
Self Response- Initiator Focus
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Confrontation/Negotiation
Confrontation/Negotiation
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Advocacy Seeking
Advocacy Seeking
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Sexual Orientation
Sexual Orientation
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Gender Identity
Gender Identity
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Gender Expression
Gender Expression
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Critical Psychology
Critical Psychology
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DSM-I 1952 Changes
DSM-I 1952 Changes
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Study Notes
The Psychology of Adjustment
- Adjustment refers to any event or non-event that results in changed relationships, routines, assumptions, identity, and roles (Schlossberg, 1994).
- Feldman defines adjustment as "efforts people make to meet the demands and challenges placed on them by the world."
- In scientific terms, adjustment is the behavioural process by which humans/animals maintain equilibrium among their needs or between their needs and the obstacles in their environments.
- Adjustment is the before, after, and during a transition.
Types of Transitions
- Anticipated transitions: Predictable transitions such as marriage or graduation.
- Unanticipated transitions: Sudden events like death or getting fired.
- Non-events: Transitions we expect but do not happen, such as not getting a driver's license.
Quality of Life
- The WHO definition of Quality of Life is an individual's perception of their life position in the context of their culture and value systems.
Domains of Quality of Life
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Feelings of hopelessness
- Anhedonia
- Difficulty concentrating
- Sleeping problems
- Reckless behaviour
Coping with Transitions: The 4 Ss
- Situation: Trigger, timing, role change, duration, concurrent stress, responsibility
- Self: Personal/demographic factors (age, sex, gender, culture), psychological factors (optimism, spiritual outlook, resilience)
- Support: Social networks (intimate, family, friends, institutions, communities)
- Strategies: To cope
Domains of Wellbeing (Physical, Psychological, Independence, Social, Environment)
- Physical: Pain, energy, fatigue, sexual activity, rest
- Psychological: Emotions, thinking/learning, memory, self-esteem, body image
- Independence: Mobility, daily living activities, dependence on substances, communication capacity, work capacity
- Social Relationships: Personal relationships, social support, activities
- Environment: Freedom, safety, home environment, work satisfaction, financial resources, health and social care, opportunities, and physical environment (pollution, noise, traffic, climate)
Spirituality
- Personal beliefs have a role in coping and resilience.
- Religion
Personal Growth
- Involves mental, physical, social, emotional, and spiritual growth allowing productive and satisfying life within societal norms.
- Achieved by: raising self-awareness, understanding others, raising personal aspirations, acquiring positive attitudes, developing higher psychological values, and developing individuality.
Stages of Transition (Williams, 1999)
- First shock, reaction based on whether event is good or bad.
- Provisional adjustment (up to 3-4 months).
- Inner contradictions: conflict between old and new views of the world.
- Inner crisis: stress, anxiety, or contradictions affecting deeply held beliefs.
The Cycle of Adjustment
- Individuals differ in resilience to transitions.
- Transitions often reach a crisis about 6 months after the event.
- Circumstances may lead to several different outcomes, including situational and intrapersonal learning and unlearning.
- Behaviour and cognitive restructuring occur in phases.
Extended Crisis
- Happens when individuals can't adapt to trauma or change.
- Can last months or years, manifesting in physical or mental difficulties.
Breaking out of Crisis (Cognitive Restructuring)
- The mind reconstructs to adapt to a new reality of life.
- Cognitive dissonance (feeling discomfort from conflicting beliefs) can block the process of breaking out of the crisis but can be addressed by releasing repressed emotions.
- Cognitive restructuring occurs after the breaking out period, creating newfound meaning, confidence, and optimism.
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
- Personality develops through 8 stages (infancy to adulthood).
- Each stage is linked with a psychosocial crisis.
- Successfully navigating these crises leads to acquiring virtues.
Application to Transition
- Ego qualities acquired in earlier stages can support navigating transitions.
- There can be challenges to the ego during transition.
- Features include explorations, instability, self-focus, possibilities, and feeling-in-between.
Stress and Coping
- Stress comprises any circumstances that threaten wellbeing.
- The Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping considers stress as exposure to overwhelming stimuli exceeding coping ability.
- Biological factors influence stress reactions, including genetics.
- Psychological factors include personality, cognition, and emotions.
- Social factors like support networks, culture, and relationships play a role in how stress is perceived and dealt with.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
- Consists of three stages: Alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
- Describes the body's physiological response to stress.
Coping Patterns of Lower Value
- Isolating
- Learned helplessness
- Snapping at others
- Blaming
- Indulging
- Rebellion
- Prolonged defensive coping (denial, etc)
Coping Strategies
- Emotion-focused coping: manages emotional reactions to the problem.
- Problem-focused coping: takes direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor.
Personality Types
- Type A: ambitious, hard-driving, perfectionistic, high-stress.
- Type B: low-stress, easy-going, adaptable.
- Type C: Highly conscientious, perfectionistic, struggle to reveal emotions.
- Type D: Tendency to get distressed (worried, sad, low confidence).
Social Cognition
- Social cognition encompasses processes that impact how we process, interpret, and respond to social signals.
- Schemas (mental frameworks) are cognitive shortcuts impacting perception and behavior.
- The fundamental attribution error is overemphasizing personality traits over situational factors.
- Actor-observer bias: attributing own actions to situation, others’ to personality.
- Types of schemas: person, social, self, and event schemas.
- Stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs about groups.
Core Schemas
- Benefit by providing shortcuts to everyday life, but can be problematic.
- Generated from early experiences.
- Influence attention and information processing; confirming information is favoured.
- Related to coping styles.
- Coping styles can strengthen schemas.
- Coping style can reinforce schemas, creating a cycle making change difficult.
- Coping styles are: child, dysfunctional, and dysfunctional parent modes.
Desire, Love & Attachment
- Desires are motivated by biological and evolutionary factors (survival, reproduction).
- Desire is intense but short-lived, primarily physical.
- Love is a more complex emotion involving pleasure, devotion, and intimacy.
- Attachment is a deep, enduring emotional bond, driven by comfort and security.
Attachment Styles
- Attachment styles influence interaction and emotional intimacy.
- Styles include secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized.
Relationship Growth
- Self-disclosure is revealing personal information, deepening relationships.
- Trust is believing the other person is honest, fostering disclosure.
- Interdependence recognizes the importance of the emotional bond.
- Empathy involves resonating with others' emotions, requiring mirror neurons and the hormone Oxytocin.
- Secure v Avoidant attachment styles.
Knapp's Relational Model
- Describes coming together (initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, bonding) and coming apart(differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding, terminating) in relationships.
Careers and Work
- Holland’s Trait Measurement matched personality type with work environments.
The Adjustment-Challenge Dilemma
- Adjusting to work while challenging its issues is a psychological dilemma.
- Aspects of work (e.g. implications for unfair practices, high job demands), interpersonal relations, and dealing with discrimination are targets of critique.
- Methods of personal response can be proactive or avoidance strategies.
Modes of Response
- Self-focus: Avoidance/denial (least effective), altering, ignoring.
- Self-focus: Supported responses (seeking help, confrontation/negotiation, threatening).
- Initiator focus: Advocacy seeking (reporting), seeking help.
- Social coping: bringing a friend, discussing, seeking counselling.
Adjustment Disorders
- Defined as an emotional or behavioral response to a stressor, significant distress or impairment in various areas.
- Responses are disproportionate to stressor severity or intensity.
- Typically resolving within six months, not lasting for the duration typical associated with PTSD.
Psychological and Biological Understanding
- Psychological vulnerabilities include weak ego strength.
- Learned helplessness is a factor in decreased ability to adjust; a feeling of lack of control.
- Early adverse events and experiences can develop maladaptive coping schemas.
- Biological factors impacting stress include brain and genetic influences.
- Humanistic perspectives recognize the pursuit of self-actualization.
- Psychodynamic perspectives address the role of unconscious conflict unresolved from childhood.
- cognitive-behavioural perspectives examine dysfunctional thinking and ineffective coping styles.
Gender and Sexuality
- Gender and sexuality frameworks consider the dynamic intersections affecting perspectives and relations, and emphasizing societal structures and power relations within contexts.
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Description
Test your understanding of the psychology behind adjustment and transitions. This quiz explores various types of life transitions, their impact on relationships and routines, and how they relate to overall quality of life. Dive into the concepts set forth by scholars and discover the dynamics of personal change.
